
■^ ^/ I Issued December 23, 1909. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS— BULLETIN 221. 



551 



.Hfc 



A. C. TRUE, Director. 



DIETARY STUDIES IN RURAL REGIONS 



IN VERMONT, TENNESSEE, 
AND GEORGIA. 



BT 



J. L. HILLS, So. D., 

Director Vermont Expenment Station, 

CHAELES E. WAIT, Ph. D., F. C. S., 

Professor of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 

H. C. WHITE, Ph. D, 

Professor of Chemistry. University of Georgia. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1909. 




Glass. 
Book. 






1204 



Issued December 23, 1909. 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS— BULLETIN 221. 



A. C. TRUE, Direetoi 



DIETARY STUDIES IN RURAL REGIONS 



IN VERMONT, TENNESSEE, 
AND GEORGIA. 



BY 



J. L. HILLS, Sc. D., 

Director Vermont Experiment Station, 

CHARLES E. WAIT, Ph. D., F. C. S., 

Professor of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 

H. C. WHITE, Ph. D., 

Professor of Chemistry, University of Georgia. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOV E R N M E N T PRINTING O F PIC E . 

1 909. 



A N 






THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 

A. C. True, D. Sc, Director. 

E. W. Allen, Ph. D., Assistant Director and Editor of Experiment Station Record. 
C. F. Lang worthy, Ph. D., Chief of Nutrition Investigations. 
[Bull. 221] (2) 



JAN 7 1910 









LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Office of Experiment Stations, 
Washington, D. C, September 4, 1909. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, and to recommend for 
publication as Bulletin Xo. 221 of this Office, a report of four dietary 
studies in farmers' families in Vermont, carried on by J. L. Hills, 
sixty-four dietary studies in mountain regions in Tennessee, by C. E. 
Wait, and fourteen dietary studies in Georgia, most of them in rural 
regions, by H. C. White. 

These investigations, like others of similar character previously 
reported, were undertaken to secure data regarding the food con- 
sumption and living conditions of families in different circumstances 
and surroundings. Information of this character is useful in formu- 
lating dietary standards and is of decided value in discussing a great 
variety of questions which pertain to the utilization as food of agri- 
cultural food products, both animal and vegetable. 

Acknowledgment should be made to Prof. A. F. Gilman, of Mary- 
ville, Tenn., who in cooperation with Professor Wait collected the 
statistics in the Tennessee dietaries, to Prof. C. O. Hill, of the Uni- 
versity of Tennessee, who has rendered great service in the analytical 
work, as well as in conducting the dietaries, and to Prof. C. M. 
Snelling and Messrs. S. S. Deane, W. M. Hardy, and J. G. Smith, of 
the University of Georgia, who assisted in collecting data or in the 
analytical work of the dietary studies carried on in Georgia, and to 
Doctor de Buboeay, of Tallulah Falls, Ga., whose long residence 
among the mountain people enabled him to secure their confidence 
and cooperation in the nutrition studies. 
Respectfully, 

A. C. True, 

Director. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of . inriculture. 

[Bull. 221] (3) 



CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Dietary studies in Vermont farmers ' families 7 

Introduction 7 

Character and cost of food materials 8 

Composition of food materials 8 

Details of the studies 11 

Dietary studies of families living in the mountain region of Eastern Tennessee ... 21 

Introduction 21 

Historical sketch of Tennessee mountain settlements 21 

Description of the Tennessee mountain region and people studied 22 

Method of conducting the investigations 25 

The cost of food 26 

Character and composition of the food 26 

Percentage composition of the waste 30 

Dietary studies in mountain regions. Xos. 604-648 30 

Dietary studies in remote mountain districts. Xos. 649-667 82 

Summary of the studies 104 

Cost of nutrients and energy 106 

Peculiarities of the diet 10S 

Adequacy of the diets Ill 

Waste 114 

Dietary studies in Georgia 117 

Introduction 117 

Methods of study 117 

Dietary study of a students* boarding club, study Xo. 668 121 

Dietary study of a mechanic's family, study Xo. 669 123 

Dietary study of a negro farmer's family, study Xo. 670 125 

Dietary studies with Georgia mountaineers. Xos. (571-6S1 126 

Summary and discussion of results 135 

Discussion of American rural dietaries 137 

[Bull. 221] ( 5) 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Page. 
Plate I. Fig. 1. — Home of section hand, dietary study No. 609. Fig. 2. — 

Home of stationary engineer, dietary study No. 610 36 

II. Fig. 1. — Home of family near Maryville, dietary study No. 631. 

Fig. 2. — Home of factory operative, dietary study No. 639 64 

III. Fig. 1. — Home of brick mason, dietary study No. 648. Fig. 2. — 

Home of sawmill operative, dietary study No. 651 - 80 

IV. Fig. 1. — Home of storekeeper, dietary study No. 657. Fig. 2. — 

Home of sawmill operative, dietary study No. 658 92 

[Bull. 221] ( 6) 



DIETARY STUDIES IN RURAL REGIONS. 



DIETARY STUDIES IN VERMONT FARMERS' FAMILIES. 

By J. L. Hills, Sc. D., 
Director of Vermont Experiment Station. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Conditions vary so widely in different sections of the United States 
that it would be difficult to make a definite comparison between the 
dietary habits of the country as a whole and those of other parts of the 
world. The studies in this bulletin were planned to give definite 
information regarding actual diets in typical families of various 
rural sections. They have already proved of value in the preparation 
of a report on "Diet in Rural Regions'' presented by the Office of 
Experiment Stations to President Roosevelt's Commission on Country 
Life. In that report a general survey was made of dietary conditions 
in rural regions, with especial reference to their importance in the 
question of home making. It was there stated that the United States 
has no such general problem of undernutrition as now causes anxiety 
in some nations of the Old World. There are, however, regions vdiere 
dietary conditions could be readily improved with available resources, 
and many nutrition problems are as yet unsolved; obviously a 
thorough knowledge of dietary conditions must precede any sys- 
tematic efforts for improvement. 

The four following dietary studies were made by the Vermont 
Experiment Station in cooperation with the Office of Experiment 
Stations. The first one was made in Burlington, the others on 
farms believed to be typical of the region round about. The methods 
employed were the same as those used in studies previously reported 
by this Office. The usual inventory was made of the kind and 
quantity of all food materials on hand at the beginning and end of 
each study and those entering the kitchen during its course, and their 
cost was also noted. All kitchen and table wastes were collected 
and carefully weighed, samples of almost all being preserved for 
analysis. 

«U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bills. 149, 150, 152. and other bulletins listed 
in Circ. 89. 

[Bull. 221] (7) 



CHARACTER AND COST OF FOOD MATERIALS. 

The food materials used in the studies in farmers' families were to 
a large extent home grown. Part of the beef, the tropical fruits, 
dry and canned groceries, and butter were practically the only ones 
purchased. In the Burlington study the meats, with the exception 
of the pork, were from the West, but the milk and other farm products 
were mainly from neighboring farms. The butter was in all cases 
obtained from local dairies. 

In estimating the cost of food in these studies, the price prevailing 
in the nearest market at the time of the study was used for the home- 
grown materials. This, of course, gives a cost far above the actual 
outlay and probably considerably above the real cost, could the 
expenditure of labor, material, etc., in producing the various articles 
be measured. This discrepancy seems unavoidable, and it must be 
borne in mind in considering the economy of the farm dietaries. 

COMPOSITION OF FOOD MATERIALS. 

Samples of the majority of the food materials used were analyzed 
according to the usual methods, and the results obtained were used in 
computing the nutrients and energ} r of the diets. The analyses repre- 
sent only the edible portions, and are given in the following table: 

Composition of food materials (edible portion) and waste analyzed in dietary studies Nos. 

600 to 603. 



Refer- 


Description of food material. 


Water. 


Nutrients. 


ence 

No. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Ash. 


18 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: 


Per cent. 
44.54 
61.85 
30.00 
60.30 
67.54 
52.11 
64.58 
70.08 


Per cent. 
24.61 
25.60 
47.82 
32.17 
20.41 
28.57 
20.92 
20.50 


Per cent. 
26.33 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 
3.76 


20 


Dried 

Do 

Heart, cooked 

Roast, raw 

Roast, cooked 


2.35 
6.47 
5.99 
11.00 
18.48 
13.09 
8.15 




9.75 


21 




13.04 


17 





1.60 


14 




1.29 


15 




1.35 


1 




1.26 


2 






1.28 










4 


80.61 
76.67 


16.62 
20.29 


1.96 
1.90 




.82 


5 


Do 




1.06 




Average Nos. 4 and 5 






5a 


73.38 
65.34 


18.46 
19.47 


1.93 
14.36 




.94 


3 




1.59 




Steak . .. 






6 


62.61 
66.30 
64.35 
69.33 


24.58 
26.17 
21.89 
21.78 


11.68 

6.23 

12.62 

7.87 




1.42 


7 


Do 




1.13 


8 


Do 




1.37 


9 


Do 

Average Nos. 6, 7, 8, and 9 

Steak, cooked 


::::::■:::: 


1.23 








9a 


65.65 


23.61 


9.60 




1.29 








10 


43.29 
68.32 


35.66 
23.98 


19.70 
6.64 




2.32 


11 


Do 




1.37 








11a 


55.81 
48.80 
70.13 
72.91 


29.82 
27.38 
22.77 

19.84 


13.17 




1.85 
2.90 
1.44 
1.13 


12 


Steak, cooked 


21.10 
6.26 
6.17 




13 






16 


Stew 





[Bull. 221] 



Composition of food materials {edible I and waste analyzed in diet s Xos. 

600 to 60S — < ontinued. 



Nutrients. 



Refer- 
eBce 
No. 



Description of food material. 



Protein. 



Fat. 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



Ash. 



38a 

39 
44 
45 
40 
41 
42 
43 
46 



61 

62 

63 

64 

77 

76a 

" 

71 

- 
74 

"• 



aximal food — continued. 
Lamb: 

26 Chops (very young lamb), cooked 

24 Forequarter. "boned, very fat. cooked. 

25 Hindquarter ( verv voting lamb) 

Pork: 

30 Bacon 

27 Ham 

28 Sausage, home-made 

29 Do 

Poultry: 

31 Chicken, boned, fricasseed 

32 Chicken, boned, steamed 

Fish: 

33 Cod. salt 

34 Salmon, salt, pickled 

35 Do 



36 Eggs, hens' 

37 Do 

3S Do 



Average Xos. 36. 37. and 3S. 
Dairy produce: 

Cheese, cottage or Dutch 

Cream, separator 

Do 

Milk, whole, grade Jersey 

Milk, whole, mainly grade Jersey. 

Milk, whole, grade cows 

Milk, whole, mainly grade Jersey. 
Milk. skim, separator 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: 

Malt oats 

Oatmeal 

Do 

Oats, rolled 

Wheat breakfast food 

Do 

Rice 

Do 

Do 

Corn meal 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Flour, wheat bread 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Flour, wheat, pastrv 

Do : 

Flour, wheat, graham 

Do 

Do 

Flour, rye 

Bread, bakers' 

Bread, home-made 

Do 

Do 

Biscuit, baking powder 

Cake 

Cookies, caraway seed 

Crackers " 

Do 

Doughnuts 

Do 

Ginger snaps 

.Tohnnycake 

Piecrust 

Sugars and starches: Tapioca.. 
Vegetables: 

Beans, for baking 

Do 

Do 

Do 



Per cent. 
65. 49 

- 
50.42 

30. 47 
51. 75 
42.21 
38.38 

79.40 

57.74 

53.29 
53.60 

50.47 



Per cent. 
23. 27 
20.14 
42.67 

17.20 
24.13 
14.45 
15.65 

17.10 
34.74 

28.41 

21.47 
20.01 



75. 35 

75.69 
74.30 
72.60 

86.30 

>>. : : 

86.70 
90-20 



.33 
.33 
12 
.00 

55 
25 
06 
47 
63 
52 
92 
12 
10 
10 
52 
02 

05 
40 
57 
16 

49 

91 

69 




Beets, pickled. 



13.00 

10.14 
3.00 
2.80 
3.50 
3.30 
2.90 
3.30 
3.50 



15. S7 
13.94 
16.03 
18.00 
12.94 
12.92 
10.27 
8.00 
7.69 
7.00 
8.94 
9.31 
10-94 
13.30 
10.81 
10.35 
.28 
10.43 
9.62 
15.39 

12.06 
13.94 
10-70 
8.86 

! 
7 " 

5.50 

S 
9.80 

-" 
6.12 

6.65 

i • 
10.70 

22.00 

21. 75 
21. 82 

_ - 



Per cent. Per cent. Per 

10. S7 1.57 

32.27 1.02 

4.79 2.27 

9 6.70 

16.88 6.95 

40.00 2.16 

42.32 3.25 

3.00 .50 

6.35 1.00 

.71 19.69 

7.30 16.48 

5.88 22.96 

9.75 1.09 

10. 20 1.10 

9.39 .95 

9.80 1.05 

5. 90 1. 38 

17. 50 4. 50 . 70 

19. 30 4. SO . 70 

4. 70 4. 90 . 70 

4.80 4.90 .70 

3.40 4.90 .70 
4. 60 4. 70 .70 

.40 5. 20 .70 



5.00 

6.40 

6.65 

6.95 

.90 

1.00 

.65 

.33 

.35 



10 



72 

.93 
1.08 

.95 
2.84 
2.78 

1.95 
1.93 
1.02 

.55 
1.59 

.89 

2.68 

7.40 

• 

11.41 

- - 

-" ■ 

9.38 

1 

2.11 
1.10 

.2 

1.60 

" 
L58 
1.60 



69.18 

62.63 
64.70 

75 B 
75.18 

79.55 
SO. 19 

73.31 
70.03 

73. s; 
74.99 

_. . 

76.15 
' 72 
70.04 

72. 72 
72.00 

52. 55 
56.00 
57. 51 
53.67 
50.68 
59.10 
" 3 

68, yo 

? 
- 

55. 35 
72. 22 
3a 95 
52.60 
86.25 

58 - 
61.02 
59.65 

11.40 



1.62 
1.97 
5. 57 
2.35 

. 75 

.-4 

.68 
.78 
.69 
.78 

1.58 
1.73 

. 75 

.88 

.74 

.70 

I 

. .5 

1.68 

.. 5 

1.70 

.94 

1.24 

1.13 

1.34 

1.71 

- 3 



32 

S 
_ " 
1.03 

- 
2.71 
- • 



.90 

■ 

4. 25 

4.40 
1.42 



[Bull. 221] 



10 

Composition of food materials (edible portion) and waste analyzed in dietary studies Nos. 

600 to 60S— Continued. 



Refer- 


Description of food material. 


Water. 




Nutrients. 




ence 
No. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Ash. 


90 


vegetable food— continued. 
Vegetables— Continued. 


Per cent. 
88.02 
77.35 


Per cent. 
3.04 
4.23 


Per cent. 

0.44 

.90 


Per cent. 
7.81 
16.70 


Per cent. 
0.69 


91 


Do.. 


.82 








91a 


82.69 
62.65 
91.10 
89.21 
81.61 
75. 13 
77.28 
77.13 
80.49 
79.41 
83.44 
25.24 
96.33 
86.15 
95. 06 
72.92 
94.98 
87.88 

93. 21 
91.75 
82.94 
89.87 
82.94 
85.19 
90. f 2 
23. 96 
90.39 
92.70 

54.57 
81. 11 
75.34 
26.74 
55.90 

45.30 


3.64 
4.44 
3.80 

.67 
5.13 
6.79 
2.91 
3.09 
1.89 
2.50 
2.17 
6.59 

.91 
3.92 

.59 
5.31 
1.10 
1.31 

.31 
.28 
.33 
.33 
1.55 
.99 
1.24 
2.43 
.79 
.82 

24.57 
5.79 
7.12 
5.54 

5.45 

16.46 


.67 

1.43 
.30 
.10 
.67 

2.99 
.07 
.37 
.23 
.12 
.06 
.43 
.07 
.46 
.06 

1.15 
.35 

4.13 

.13 
.09 
.12 
.12 
.45 
.72 
.84 
.11 
.09 
.23 

12.05 
5.41 
8.45 
7.43 
2.37 

34.89 


12.26 

30.50 

3.20 

9.55 

11.64 

13. 60 

18.72 

18.19 

16.18 

16.80 

13. 37 

62. 91 

1.92 

8.26 

3.48 

18.99 

2.95 

4.57 

6.05 
7.63 

16. 41 
9.38 

14.50 

12.78 
6.71 

71.22 
8.03 
5.74 

6.62 

5.82 

6.91 

59.10 

35. 15 

.79 


.76 


92 




.98 


94 
95 


Mushrooms (average) 

Onions 


1.60 

.47 


96 


Peas, canned 


.95 


97 


Peas, green 


1.39 


98 


Potatoes, peeled, cooked 


1.02 


99 


Do 


1.22 


101 


Do 


1.21 


102 


Do 


1. 17 


100 


Potatoes, new, raw 


.96 


106 


Pumpkin, dried 


4 83 


103 


Radishes 


.77 


104 


Horseradish tops. . . 


1.21 


117 
105 
107 
108 

109 
110 


Rhubarb 

Succotash 

Tomatoes, canned 

Turnips, cooked 

Fruits: 

Apples 

Apples, prepared for cooking. . . . 


.81 
1.63 

.62 
2.11 

.30 
.24 


111 


Apple sauce 


.20 


112 
113 
114 
115 
116 
118 
119 


Do : 

Blackberries 

Blueberries 

Currants, red 

Raisins 

Rhubarb preserve 

Strawberries 


.30 
.56 
.32 
.69 
2.28 
.70 
.51 


19 


MISCELLANEOUS FOODS. 

Beef pie with crust 


2.19 


22 
23 
79 
80 


Dried beef cooked with milk 

Do 

Cake 

Blueberrv pudding 


1.87 
2.18 
1.19 
1.13 


120 


WASTE. 


2.56 




Do 

Do 

Average Nos. 121 and 122 




121 
122 


47.25 
57.70 


14.02 
18.40 


27.32 
18.24 


8.63 
2.70 


2.80 
2.97 


122a 
123 


52.48 
33.22 
43.91 
51.05 


16.21 
34.85 
21.10 
5.58 


22.78 
30. 68 
7.37 
8.80 


5.67 


2.89 
3.51 


124 

125 


Do 

Cereal waste 


25.12 
33.57 


2.50 
1.00 




Do 

Do 

Average Nos. 126 and 127. . 




126 
127 


43.25 
45.68 


7.68 
6.58 


5.25 
7.25 


41.24 
38.40 


2.58 
2.09 


127a 


44.47 


7.13 


6. 25 


39.82 


2.34 




Cereal waste 

Do 

Average Nos. 128 and 129 




128 
129 


17.26 
16.64 


10.83 
10.25 


4.26 
6.03 


64.39 
64.83 


3.26 
2.25 


129a 


16.95 
44.97 
76. 56 


10.54 
6.73 
2.95 


5.15 
4.58 
3.30 


64.61 
41.02 
16. 02 


2.76 


130 


Cereal waste 


2.70 


131 


Vegetable waste 


1.17 




Do 

Do 

Average Nos. 132 and 133 




132 
133 


87.54 
75.87 


2.22 
3.78 


2.26 
3.08 


7.02 
15. 63 


.98 
1.65 


133a 


81.71 


3.00 


2.67 


11.33 


1.32 




Vegetable waste. . 




134 


81.37 
74.36 


3.44 
4.59 


1.14 
1.48 


12. 22 
17.17 


1.83 


135 


Do 

Average Nos. 134 and 135 

Vegetable waste 


2.40 


135a 
136 


77.87 
72.89 


4.02 
3.40 


1.31 

2.67 


14.70 
19.34 


2.12 
1.70 









[Bull. 221] 



11 

In a few cases it was found impracticable or unnecessary to make 

special analyses of the materials used in these studies, and it was 

assumed that their composition was that of the average American 

products of similar nature, as given in an earlier bulletin a of this 

Office. 

DETAILS OF THE STUDIES. 

The detailed results of the four studies are given in the following 
sections. In the table accompanying each discussion the weight and 
cost of the various materials used during the entire study are shown 
in the left-hand column; the figures in parentheses following each item 
refer, in the case of foods which were analyzed in connection with 
the studies, to the table of composition (p. 8), where they may be 
found at the extreme left. In the case of foods which were not 
analyzed as a part of the investigation (Nos. 137-176) these figures 
refer to manuscript tables of assumed composition filed in this Office. 
In- computing the amount and cost of nutrients consumed per man 
per day, as given in the last five columns, the usual assumptions were 
made regarding relative amounts of food consumed by persons of 
different age and sex, the make-up of the family being reported for 
each study. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 600. 

This study was made in the family of an officer of the Vermont 
Experiment Station, and was continued for ten days during the latter 
part of May, 1901. The family consisted of a college professor, his 
wife, two children, and a servant. A dressmaker and a house cleaner 
were present at a few meals. The number of meals served was as 
follows : 

Meals. 

Man, 40 years old, weight 125 pounds 29 

Two women, 39 and 22 years old, weights 155 and 100 pounds (58 

meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 4G 

Two women, about 40 years each, weights 200 and 100 pounds (12 

meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 10 

Boy, 10 years old, weight 65 pounds (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 18 

Girl, 8 years old, weight 60 pounds (29 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 120 

Equivalent to 1 man for 40 days. 

In this study the weights of lard and maple sirup given are esti- 
mates. A considerable share of the lard was used in frying doughnuts, 
and much was thrown away unconsumed. It was impracticable to 
measure this. The record of the consumption of maple sirup as first 
entered was clearly erroneous, and the figure used is the average 

aJJ. S. Dept, Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 28. 
[Bull. 223 ] 



12 

consumption of the family as observed at a later time. It is not 
probable, however, that anything more than a trifling error is intro- 
duced into the final results by these two assumptions. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 600. 



Food consumed during the whole, study (10 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kind and amount. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef and lamb: Rump steak, 438 grams, 23 cents 
(1); stew, 950 grains, 25 cents (16); dried, 174 
grams. 12 cents (20); lamb, forequarter, 1,537 
grams, 73 cents (24). Total, 3,099 grams 

Pork: Salt pork, 330 grams, 9 cents (140); lard, 
500 grams, 14 cents (141); bacon, 90 grams, 3 
cents (30). Total, 920 grams 


Dollars. 
1.33 

.26 

.48 
.48 
1.25 

.78 


Cents. 
3.3 

.7 

1.2 
1.2 
3.1 
2.0 


Grams. 
16 

2 

5 

1 

13 


Grams. 
15 

21 

1 

4 

59 

17 


Grams. 


Calories. 
198 

187 


Fish: Mackerel (dressed), 640 grams, 43 cents 
(142); cod, shredded, 60 grams, 5 cents (33). 




17 


Eggs, shells removed, 1,561 grams, 48 cents (36)... 




50 


Butter, 2,760 grams, 125 cents (143) 




541 

27S 


Milk, 14,670 grams, 78 cents (40) 


18 








4.58 


11.5 


37 


117 


18 | 1.274 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Malt oats, 885 grams, 13 cents (65); rice, 
20 grams, 1 cent (82); flour, bread, 1,165 grams, 
6 cents (47); flour, pastry, 1,900 grams, 10 cents 
(51); corn meal, 245 grams, 2 cents (53); bread, 
bakers', 7,445 grams, 110 cents (61); crackers, 
105 grams, 2 cents (71); pie crust, 125 grams, 2 
cents (78a); doughnuts, 65 grams, 2 cents (73); 
gingersnaps, 185 grams, 5 cents (75).' Total, 
12,140 grams 


1.51 
.83 

1.47 

1.47 


3.8 
2.1 

3.7 
3.7 


34 

1 

16 
2 


5 

1 

1 
2 


184 
96 

75 
54 


910 


Sugars: Granulated, 2,325 grams, 32 cents (151); 
powdered, 220 grams, 4 cents (152); molasses, 
275 grams, 3 cents (150); maple sirup, 1,500 
grams, 31 cents (153); chocolate, 60 grams, 6 
cents (177); cocoa, 60 grams, 7 cents (178). 
Total, 4,440 grams 


397 


Vegetables: Asparagus, 1,115 grams, 20 cents 
(154); beans, 640 grams, 7 cents (85); horse- 
radish tops, 275 grams, no cents (104); lettuce, 
100 grams, 2 cents (160); mushrooms, field, 540 
grams, no cents (94); onions, 350 grams, 3 cents 
(95); peas, canned, 1,045 grams, 20 cents (96); 
pickles, cucumber, 500 grams, 5 cents (159); 
potatoes, less skins, 12,005 grams, 30 cents (98); 
radishes, 335 grams, 10 cents (103); rhubarb, 
2,225 grams, 25 cents (117); tomatoes, canned, 
1,945 grams, 25 cents(160). Total, 21,075 grams. 

Fruits, etc.: Bananas, pulp only, 970 grams, 30 
cents (1C3); lemons, 400 grams, 8 cents (164); 
raisins, 175 grams, 6 cents (116); strawberries, 
813 grams, 18 cents (119); crabapple jelly, 272 
grams (169); grape jelly, 285 grams (170); rasp- 
berry jam, 610 grams (174); marmalade, 595 
grams (171); ginger pears, 500 grams (172); 
pineapple sauce, 528 grams (173); cost of last 6 
items, 75 cents; pecan nut meats, 75 grams, 10 
cents (176). Total, 4,923 grams 


373 

242 






Total vegetable food 


5.28 


13.3 ! 53 


9 


409 1.928 






Total food 


9.86 


24.8 90 ' 126 427 3.202 


Waste: Meat waste, 580 grams (120); cereal 
waste, 1,300 grams (125); vegetable waste, 1,579 
grams (131). Total waste. 3,459 grams 




5 


9 


17 


168 










Food actually eaten 






85 


117 


410 3.034 













[Bull. 221] 



13 

Considering the occupations of this family, they should probably 
be classed as doing light muscular work. The commonly accepted 
dietary standard for such persons calls for 100 grams of protein and 
about 3,000 calories of energy per day. When we compare the re- 
sults of this study with this standard we see that the diet supplied 
notably less protein — 85 grams, as against 100. This was probably 
due to the fact that the family under observation were from prefer- 
ence in the habit of eating small quantities of meat. In such a case 
it would very possibly be wise to increase the protein by a freer use 
of milk, either whole or skim. In the matter of energy the diet con- 
forms well with the standard. 

The kitchen waste is similar to that observed in dietary studies in 
the families of professional men previously reported in bulletins of 
this Office. It amounted to about 5 per cent of the edible portion of 
the total food; while this is not excessive, it will be seen to be higher 
than that in the other studies of the present series. 

The cost of the food is practically the same as that in similar families 
previously studied. In nine studies made in the families of profes- 
sional men in Connecticut, it averaged 25 cents as against 24.8 in 
the present case. It should be noted, however, that the cost of 
many articles of food has risen somewhat since the Connecticut 
studies were made, so that the comparison is more favorable to the 
Vermont dietary than at first appears. The materials used in the 
Vermont dietary which furnished the nutrients at the highest cost 
seem to have been fish and fruits, while, as usual, cereals and milk 
proved the least costly. The fish used contained less than one- 
half of 1 per cent of the total nutrients, but cost nearly one-twen- 
tieth of the whole amount expended. The fruits furnished only one- 
eleventh of the total nutrients, and these mainly in the form of carbo- 
hydrates, but represent more than one-seventh of the total cost. On 
the other hand, the cereals furnished over one-third of the nutrients 
at less than one-sixth of the total cost. The milk used furnished 
7 per cent of the total food, and nearly 15 per cent of the protein, but 
represented only 8 per cent of the whole expenditure. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 601. 

This study was made on a Vermont farm, with a family consisting 
of a man, his wife, three sons, and two daughters. The farm was 
smaller than the one at which studies Nos. 602 and 603 were made, 
but three of the men were at active work. The fourth conducted 
the study and was engaged in farm work for one-half the time or less. 
The mother and older daughter were at moderately active work 
about the house. The study began August 7, 1901, and continued 
for ten days. The number of meals eaten was as follows. 

[Bull. 221] 



14 

Meals. 
Four men, 63, 30, 25, and 23 years old, weights 135, 150, 145, and 160 

pounds 100 

Two women, 56 and 30 years old, weights 115 and 125 pounds (57 

mealsXO.8 meal of man), equivalent to 46 

Girl, 14 years old, weight 100 pounds (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), 

equivalent to .' 21 

"Women, visitors (6 mealsXO.8 meal of man), equivalent to 5 

Man, visitor 2 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 174 

Equivalent to 1 man for 58 days. 

The tabular statement which follows shows the kinds and amounts 
of food eaten. 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study iVo. 601. 



Food consumed during the whole study (10 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kind and amount. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Steak, round, 2,835 grams, 88 cents (5a); 
corned, cooked, 1,864 grams, 70 cents (18); 
dried, 180 grams, 12 cents (21). Total, 4,879 


Dollars. 
1.70 

.31 
.64 
.75 
.88 
.45 


Cents. 
2.9 

.5 
1.1 
1.2 

1.5 

.8 


Grams. 
18 

...... 

3 

""io" 


Grams. 
10 

17 
2 
3 

24 
11 


Grams. 


Calories. 
161 


Pork: Salt pork. 920 grams, 25 cents (140); lard, 
213 grams, 6 cents (141). Total, 1,133 grams. . . 
Fish:- Pickled salmon, 1,529 grams, 64 cents (34). . 
Eggs, edible portion, 1,555 grams, 75 cents, (37). . 
Butter, 1,619 grams, 88 cents (143) 




151 




42 




39 




214 


Milk, 19,505 grams, 45 cents (42) 


17 


206 








4.73 


8.0 


37 


67 


17 


813 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Flour, wheat, 10,932 grams, 55 cents, 
(49): graham flour, 1,578 grams, 12 cents (58); 
rye flour, 1,420 grams, 11 cents (60); corn meal, 
1,685 grams, 9 cents (55); oat meal, 410 grams, 
5 cents (67); bread, 278 grams, 4 cents (63); 
blueberry pie, 2,425 grams, 35 cents (148); blue- 
berry pudding, 577 grams, 10 cents (80); cocoa- 
nut cake, 760 grams, 25 cents (147). Total, 
20,065 grams 


1.66 
1.24 

1.02 
.93 


2.0 
2.2 

1.8 
1.6 


34 
1 

10 
1 


10 


1 

1 


248 
136 

41 
29 


1.217 


Sugars, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 6,835 grams, 94 
cents (151); chocolate and cocoa, 68 grams, 7 
cents (177); honey, 483 grams, 13 cents (149); 
molasses, 835 grams, 9 cents (150); tapioca, 56 
grams 1 cent (81). Total, 8.280 grams . 


548 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 1,378 grams, 16 cents 
(87); beans, green, Lima, 440 grams, 10 cents 
(155); beets, garden, 1,387 grams, 10 cents (157); 
beets, pickled, 154 grams, 3 cents (89); corn, 
kernels, cooked, 755 grams, 15 cents (92); cu- 
cumbers, 272 grams, 6 cents (158); potatoes, 
new, edible portion, 4,200 grams (100); pota- 
toes, old, cooked, pared, 2,320 grams (101)— cost 
of potatoes, 22 cents; succotash, 833 grams 
20 cents (105). Total, 11,739 grams 


213 


Fruits, nuts, etc.: Apples, 9,175 grams, 30 cents 
(110); apple jelly, 637 grams, 15 cents (168); 
apple sauce, 690 grams, 4 cents (HI); blue- 
berries, 1,384 grams, 20 cents (114): coconut, 
970 grams, 15 cents (175); raisins, 265 grams, 
8 cents (167) Total, 13.133 grams. . 


129 








4.85 


7.6 


46 


12 


454 


2.107 






Total food 


9.58 


15.6 


. 83 

1 


79 

1 


471 


2.920 


Waste: Meat waste, 74 grams (123); cereal waste, 
122 grams (129a); vegetable waste, 328 grams 
(135a) Total, 524 grams 


20 















82 


7S 


469 


2.900 











[Bull. 221] 



15 

The nutrients and energy which the table (p. 14) shows to have been 
consumed by this family are decidedly below the standard, even for 
persons of little muscular activity, yet their occupations required at 
least a moderate amount of muscular work. As regards both protein 
and energy, this diet corresponds closely to that observed among the 
inmates of homes for elderly men with little or no work. Since a 
large part of the materials used in this study were produced at home, 
the actual cost, to say nothing of the actual expenditure, must have 
been less than the estimated cost here given. Thus the most expen- 
sive articles of the diet appear to be fruit and vegetables, which, as 
they were home grown, were in reality obtained for much less than 
the market price quoted would indicate. Similarly, milk, which is 
here given at the price prevailing at local creameries, was even so 
one of the cheapest sources of protein and energy, and must in reality 
have been yet cheaper. In an average of nine groups of dietary 
studies made in farmers' families throughout the United States (see 
p. 137) the cost has been estimated at 11 cents per man per day. 
Considering the discrepancy arising from the estimates used in the 
present study, it is evident that its cost (15.6 cents) compares not 
unfavorably in economy with that in similar families in other sections 
of the country, and shows an unusual and excellent variety of mate- 
rials for so cheap a diet. The waste is as low as it is reasonable to 
expect. 

Since milk, and especially skim milk, could probably be obtained 
for small cost by such a family, it would seem that an increase in its 
use would improve the diet as regards both protein and energy with- 
out adding greatly to the cost. 

DIETARY STUDIES Nos. 602 AND 603. 

These two studies were made in the same family — Xo. 602 during 
ten days beginning August 7, 1901, and No. 603 for eleven days 
beginning March 3 of the following year. The farm was a compara- 
tively large one for the region and the family was in very comfortable 
circumstances, with a marked appreciation of the value of modern 
household and market conveniences. The family consisted of a man, 
his wife, sister-in-law, son, and hired man. In the summer study it 
further included five boarders — one man, two women, and two 
children. The housekeeper was charged to make the diet exactly 
the same, except in quantity, as that used when no one but the 
family was present. This restriction was well understood and agreed 
to by the boarders. The author has known the family for years, 
and in his opinion the studies may safely be taken as representing 
typical summer and winter diets for well-to-do farmers in Vermont. 
In study No. 602 there were unfortunately two slight sources of 

[Bull. 221] 



16 

error — one in the record of salt pork, of which the amount consumed 
was therefore estimated instead of measured, and the other in the fact 
that the household dog and chickens were fed from the weighed 
materials, an error it was impracticable to control, and no deduction 
was made. It is not likely, however, that these inaccuracies are 
sufficient to perceptibly affect the final results given in the table 
below. 

The meals served in dietary study No. 602, the study made in the 
summer, were as follows: 

Meals. 
Four men, 58, 40, 28, and 21 years old, weights 160, 125, 175 and 150 

pounds 120 

Four women, 55, 53, 50, and 25 years old, weights 220, 120, 100, and 

120 pounds (102 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 82 

One woman, 40 years old, weight 155 pounds (6 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 5 

Boy, 11 years old, weight 65 pounds (30 mealsX0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 18 

Girl, 8 years old, weight 60 pounds (30 mealsX0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 18 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 243 

Equivalent to 1 man for 81 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 602. 



Food consumed during the whole study (10 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kind and amount. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- Fuel 
drates. value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef and lamb: Steak, round, 1,193 grams, 48 
cents (2); steak, sirloin, 1,310 grams, 65 cents 
(3); dried, 87 grams, 5 cents (21); dried, cooked 
with milk, 855 grams, 10 cents (22); hearts, 
cooked, 225 grams, 50 cents (17); meat pie (with 
crust), 2,450 grams, 40 cents (19); lamb chops, 
cooked, 453 grams, 49 cents (26); lamb hind 
quarter, cooked, 700 grams, 71 cents (25). 
Total, 9,298 grams 


Dollars. 
3.38 

1.46 


Cents. 
4.2 

1.8 


Grams. 
29 


Grams. 
12 


Grams. 
3 


Calories. 
235 


Pork: Salt pork, 1,300 grams, 35 cents (140); ham, 
1,027 grams, 33 cents (27); sausage, 803 grams, 
20 cents (28); lard, 1,900 grams, 55 cents (141). 
Total, 5,030 grams 


5 43 


403 


Poultry: Chickens, fricasseed, 1,840 grams, (31); 
chickens, steamed, 310 grams (32); total cost, 
81.20. Total, 2,150 grams...- 


1. 20 1 - S 


5 
5 


1 




29 


Fish: Salt cod, 1,075 grams, 22 cents (33); salt 
salmon, 360 grams, 15 cents (34). Total, 
1,435 grams 


.37 
2.07 
1.80 

.93 


.5 
2.6 
2.2 

1.1 




20 


Eggs, without shells, 7,215 grams, S2.07 (38) . . 


12 8 

i ; 47 

18 21 




119 

422 


Butter, 4,510 grams, SI. 80 (143) 




Milk: Whole milk, 20,100 grams, 53 cents (41); 
skim milk, 18,670 grams, 8 cents (46); cream, 
3,680 grams, 32 cents (44). Total, 42,450 grams. 


26 


363 


Total animal food 


11.21 13.9 75 132 29 


1.591 

















[Bull. 221] 



17 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 602 — Continued. 



Food consumed during the whole s tn ly I [ Jays 



nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per cfc 



^v:n:l m:: :r_:".r.:. 



Cos:. 



«__, Pro- -p.. Carl my- Fuel 
tein. ±ur - urates*, value. 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Cream of wheat. 390 grams, 12 cents 
(69); flour, 17,300 grams, 90 cents 48 
meal, 1..: gr mis, S 3ente 54 jatmeal, 395 
grams. 4 ni \ : graham flour, 2,395 grams, 
ice 210 grams, 5 eents 83 ; 
bread, - 5 grams, 30 cents B2 : ioughnuts, 
_ ■ . i .' Gingerbread, 615 

grains, 15 cents 14 , Fotal, 24,608grams 

Granulated sagar, 8,858 grams, 95 
_.:>>: - 

(150): honev. comb, 2.260 grams. e-0 cents (149); 
1 grams, 18 cents L78). Total, 12,066 

grams 

s, dried. 1,525 ■ . ms IE -,~ 

(86); beans, green, 1 ' - cents 155 : 

. I grams, 15 cents L5 : : rn, kernels, 
-S1.80 (91a); cucum- 
bers, sliced - .-' - 40 cents (153): lettuce, 
730 grams. 10 cents (160); peas, green, 1,540 
grams, 30 cents (97 • peeled, cooked, 
29,5-5-5 grams, 90 cents (99;. Total. 48,671 

gram s 

3 s:.: Apples, for sauce, pies, and baking, 

' " . 14 cents ::: ; apple sauce, 5,30-5 

25 cents ill : bananas, pulp onlv. 

1,115 graa : ; 3 ' : snts (163): blackberr: .- - 1,435 

grams. : sents 113 ; lemons, 220 grains 1 

\ -. r: .:■-.- _.- —.:__=. 4 :er.:s 11. . 
Total, 14,488 grains 

To T al vegetable food 



I 

1.86 



Total food 

TT . aste: Meat waste, S92 grams 122a 
waste. 1 grams (127a); vegetable waste, 
_- > grams (133a). rotal, 4,923 grams 



Cent 



Food actually eaten. 



- : zlories. 

53 4 22 1.047 



1.93 


2.4 


1 


1 


123 


505 


4. :: 


5.0 


23 


3 


101 


523 


LIS 


1.4 


1 .. 




25 


104 



129 



8, \~ 


::. i 


58 


8 


i 


2.179 


20.18 


.". : 


133 


140 


498 


3.770 






4 


5 


12 


' -.s 









The ages and weights of the members of the family, and the number 
of meals taken by each in dietary study Xo. 603. were as follows : 

Meals. 
Man. age 55 year?, weight 160 pounds] 

Man. age 29 years, weight 175 pound- > 98 

Man. age 27 years, weight 150 pound? J 

Woman, age 55 years, weight 200 pounds (33 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man . equivalent to 28 

Three visitors and farm help S 

Woman, visitor 1 meal X 0.8 meal of man . equivalent to 1 

Total number of meals equivalent to 133 

Equivalent to 1 man for 44 days. 

9180— Bull. 221—09 2 



18 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 603. 



Food consumed during the whole study (11 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kind and amount. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 














Beef: Roast, 1,001 grams, 40 cents (14); roast, 
cooked, 1,065 grams, 66 cents (15); steak, raw, 
1,612 grams, 63 cents (9a); steak, cooked, 489 
grams, 40 cents (11a); steak, Hamburg, 368 
grams, 14 cents (13). Total, 4,535 grams 

Pork: Sausage, 1,917 grams, 47 cents (29); salt 
pork, 585 grams, 16 cents (140); lard, 150 grams, 
4 cents (141). Total, 2,652 grams 


Dollars. 
2.23 

.67 
.27 
1.80 
1.60 
.03 
.60 
.70 


Cents. 
5.1 

1.5 

.6 

4.1 

3.6 


Grams. 
25 

7 

3 

11 

1 


Grams. 
12 

33 

* 1 

9 

57 


Grams. 


Calories. 
207 




322 


Fish: Pickled salmon, 640 grams, 27 cents (35) . . 
Eggs, shells removed, 3,832 grams, 180 cents (38a). 
Butter, 2.935 grams, 160 cents (143) 




21 




124 




511 


Cheese, Dutch or cottage, 200 grams, 3 cents (39). 
Milk, 19,687 grams, 60 cents (43) 






1.4 

1.6 


15 
4 


21 

26 


21 
6 


331 




271 








7.90 


17.9 


66 


159 


27 


1,787 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 














Cereals: Wheat breakfast food, 373 grams, 12 
cents (70); rice, 133 grams, 3 cents (84); rolled 
oats, 145 grams, 2 cents (68); shredded wheat 
biscuit, 270 grams, 8 cents (69); flour, bread, 
9,497 grams, 46 cents (50); flour, pastry, 1,820 
grams, 9 cents (52); graham flour, 330 grams, 3 
cents (59); bread, 1,015 grams, 15 cents (64); 
corn meal, 1,873 grams, 10 cents (56); crackers, 
75 grams, 1 cent (72); baking-powder biscuit, 
175grams, 3 cents (77); doughnuts, 700 grams, 
23 cents (74); cookies, caraway seed, 195 grams, 
5 cents (76); cake, 295 grams, 10 cents (76a); 
johnnycake, 150 grams, 4 cents (78). Total, 


1.54 
1.01 

.88 

1.01 


3.5 
2.3 

2.0 

2.3 


39 

1 

16 

1 


8 

1 

2 


279 
149 

91 

38 


1,343 


Sugars, etc.: Granulated sugar, 5,510 grams, 76 
cents (151); honey, 547 grams, 15 cents (149); 
molasses, 885 grams, 10 cents (150). Total, 
6,942 grams . 


600 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 805 grams, 9 cents (88); 
potatoes, cooked, 20,262 grams, 60 cents (102); 
pumpkin, dried, 101 grams, 5 cents (106); to- 
matoes, canned, 860 grams, 10 cents (107); 
turnips, cooked, 304 grams, 2 cents (108); beets, 
pickled, 111 grams, 2 cents (89). Total, 22,443 


437 


Fruits, nuts, etc.: Apples, 836 grams, 5 cents 
(162); apple sauce, 1,382 grams, 7 cents (112); 
dates, 1,201 grams, 32 cents (165); pecan nut 
meats, 48 grams, 7 cents (176); prunes, 515 

' grams, 17 cents (166); raisins, 135 grams, 3 
cents (116); rhubarb preserves, 2,125 grams, 30 
cents (118). Total, 0,242 grams 


174 








4.44 


10.1 


57 


11 


557 


2,554 






Total food 


12.34 


28.0 


123 

4 


170 
2 


584 
14 


4,341 


Waste: Meat waste, 553 grams (124); cereal waste, 
568 grams (130); vegetable waste, 1,178 grams 
(136) Total, 2,299 grams 


91 
















119 


168 


170 


4,251 











In both these studies the amounts of protein consumed per man 
per day (129 grams in summer and 123 grams in winter) are in excess 
of the standard for persons at light to moderate muscular work, 100 
grams, and in summer exceed the standard for active work, 119 
grams, while the occupations of the family, especially during the 

[Bull. 221] 



19 

summer when it included comparatively inactive boarders, can 
hardly have called for an average of more than light to moderate 
work. The energy supplied by the food eaten (3,662 calories in sum- 
mer and 4,251 calories in winter) also exceeds both standards. It 
would be interesting to know in how far the very high energy value 
of the winter diet is due to an unconscious adaptation to the demands 
made by the cold weather for increased bodily heat, and in how far 
it is the result of a changed condition in food supply. It seems to be 
brought about by using more pork and less beef, more cream, and 
more cereals and less vegetables than in summer. The substitution 
of pork and cereals in the place of beef and vegetables might be en- 
tirely accounted for by the greater ease of obtaining them in winter. 
The waste, while slightly higher than in study No. 601, is by no 
means excessive in either study. 

The cost of the summer dietary is 25 cents and that of the winter 
dietary 28 cents per man per day. The difference seems mainly due 
to the higher cost of eggs and dairy products during the winter. 
Both are higher than the average found in 91 farm dietary studies 
made throughout the United States, but in the opinion of the author 
the fact that so many of the prices quoted are market prices applied 
to home-grown products makes a fair discussion of the relative 
economy of these studies out of the question. In any case they are 
not expensive, considering the circumstances of the family. Each 
of them, but the winter one particularly, is an excellent illustration 
of the fact that with intelligence and care the home maker on the 
farm can provide a diet as varied and attractive as her sister in the 
city, and at a moderate cost. 

[Bull. 221] 



DIETARY STUDIES OF FAMILIES LIVING IN THE MOUNTAIN 

REGION OF EASTERN TENNESSEE. 

By Charles E. Wait, Ph. D., F. C. S.. 

Professor of Chemistry in the University of Tennessee. 

INTRODUCTION. 

There are few types of people in the United States more interesting 
from the historical and sociological standpoints than the mountaineers 
of the remote districts of our southeastern mountain ranges. They 
are also of interest to the student of the physiology of nutrition 
because they are supposed to live on diets very cheap, simple, and 
poor in nutritive ingredients, or at least not well balanced, and yet 
to be fairly well developed physically. It was therefore felt that 
dietary studies made among them would be of unusual value; and 
considering their peculiar history and their somewhat unusual 
position at the present day, that any facts which could at the same 
time be gathered regarding their habits and surroundings would 
add greatly to the interest of the work. Accordingly the studies 
here reported were instituted as a part of the nutrition investigations 
carried on in different parts of the United States under the auspices 
of the Office of Experiment Stations. 

The data recorded in these studies, seventy in number, were 
collected at different times during the years 1901 to 1905, and in 
different localities in eastern Tennessee, and have been prepared 
for publication as occasion offered. The general history and character 
of the region and the people are briefly described in the following- 
paragraphs: 

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF TENNESSEE MOUNTAIN SETTLEMENTS. 

When, shortly before the Revolutionary war, some of the more 
adventurous dwellers in the seaboard colonies began to make their 
way across the Appalachian Mountains, those from Xorth Carolina, 
Virginia, and some even from Pennsylvania found the easiest course 
down the western slopes to be along the streams which later join to 
make the Tennessee River. The first permanent settlements in this 
new region were along their banks; and when, a few years later, 

[Bull. 221] (21) 



22 

emigration passed on into Kentucky and beyond, many of these 
settlements became important stations to pioneers bound for the 
"Wilderness Road." The people who determined the character 
of these Tennessee settlements were almost all of them from the 
British Isles. They were a hardy, ambitious stock, had a strong 
sense of the value of law and order, and worked for the establishment 
of justice and education as soon as they had built their fortified 
villages in the wilderness. Along with these men, whose descendants 
still constitute the most influential elements of the population in 
those sections, were others less numerous and less desirable. Wild, 
lawless characters are always found at the outposts of civilization, 
but this lawless element often does not have much lasting effect on 
the character of the population, for as government in one settlement 
becomes more stable they move on to a newer country. There are 
also persons who have been unsuccessful in the older regions and 
have gone out with the pioneers in the hope of doing better in a 
new country. The present southern mountaineers are evidently the 
descendants of some of the pioneers, who, as competition grew in 
the original settlements, gradually moved back into the mountains, 
where the third and fourth generations now remain almost as primitive 
and isolated as their pioneer ancestors. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE TENNESSEE MOUNTAIN REGION AND 

PEOPLE STUDIED. 

The first dietary study of this series (No. 604) was carried out in 
one of the poorer suburbs of Knoxville, near the river. The next 
44 (Nos. 605-648) were made in or near Maryville, a town of about 
three or four thousand inhabitants, some 15 or 20 miles south of 
Knoxville and now on a main railroad line. The town is well within 
the foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains, and derives its chief 
support from the lumber industry of the hill region, though there 
are a few small factories and man} 7 small farms. The regular trades 
are also represented among the workmen, but such work is often 
scarce, and the men are obliged to do irregular jobbing of all kinds. 
Maryville is a county seat which has been developing noticeably 
since a main line of railroad has been put through, and therefore is 
a center for the more isolated settlements in the hills beyond. The 
hillsides roundabout are mainly wooded, or, where cleared, are 
hardly tillable and suited only for grazing. The valleys are rich 
and fertile. The majority of the studies were made in the town or 
its immediate suburbs, but a few (Nos. 622-637) were made several 
miles out in the mountains. 

[Bull. 221] 



23 

The houses of the families studied were for the most part small 
and very simple. There were a few two-story houses among the 
number, but the great majority were not raised above the ground 
floor. Those in and near the towns were often frame houses, had 
glazed windows, and were plastered, and sometimes papered at least 
in part. The chimneys were usually built on the outside. None of 
the houses were connected with a water system, and the people were 
dependent on rain or spring water. A few families had separate 
sitting rooms, and one or two had special dining rooms, but ordinarily 
the living room was also a sleeping room, and meals were eaten in the 
kitchen. In many cases the whole family slept in one room. Pantries 
and closets were rare, the clothes being hung on nails on the wall and 
the provisions kept in " safes" or on open shelves in the kitchen. 
The furniture was usually very simple and cheap. A few families 
owned bureaus, center tables, clocks, etc., and had curtains or shades 
at the windows, but in the majority of cases there were no furnishings 
except beds, plain chairs, a dining table with an oilcloth or cotton 
cover, and sometimes another table for washing dishes. Stoves for 
heating were very rare, and even cooking stoves were by no means 
universal, many families cooking in open fireplaces. Wood appeared 
to be the only fuel. Frequently the only tools found about a place 
were an ax and a saw. 

The amount of land about the houses in and about town rarely 
amounted to more than half an acre and often was simply a small 
"back yard." Frequently the family rented the house and not the 
use of the land. Many of the lots slope so much that in heavy rains 
the soil washes away. Nevertheless, a good proportion of the families 
studied raised more or less vegetables for their own use. Occasionally 
fruit trees were found on a place. The rent seemed to range from 
$1 to $3.50 a month, the most common rates being $2 and $2.50. 

Some of the families kept poultry, a cow, a horse, a few pigs, or a 
dog. Oddly enough, there seems to be as much live stock near the 
town as in the more remote districts. 

Most of the people dressed rather poorly. One Marj^ville family 
in average circumstances consisted of father, mother, and three 
small children, and reported $14 as the annual cost of their 
clothing. 

The last 20 studies (Nos. 649-667) were made in a more remote and 
sparsely settled region in the Chilhowie Mountains, called " Crooked 
Creek" from the stream along whose banks the houses are scattered 
for several miles. It is about 8 miles from Maiyville and connected 
with the town only by poor, rough roads. There is one small store 
in the neighborhood (see study No. 657), but all provisions except 

[Bull. 221] 



24 

t hose in most common use must be obtained from Maryville. There is 
considerable timber on the mountains near by , and some of the men 
work in sawmills and gristmills in the neighborhood; otherwise the 
people make their living mainly from their farms, which are mostly 
small and difficult of cultivation. It is believed that Crooked Creek is 
typical of the isolated mountain settlements of eastern Tennessee. 

The houses there are poorer than near the towns. The majority 
are built of logs, and even the frame houses are very roughly con- 
structed. A few contain four rooms or more; a few others have 
only one, but the great majority consist of two rooms, one of which 
is used as a sleeping or living room for the whole family, and the 
other as kitchen and dining room. Sometimes the windows are 
glazed, but not infrequently they consist simply of a hole in the wall, 
with a wooden shutter for use in case of cold or rain. Many of the 
rooms and one or two of the houses have no windows at all. The 
chimneys are usually crude affairs of brick, stones, or even logs and 
clay, built on the outside of the house. In fact, many of these houses 
are practically the same as the log cabins of the backwoodsmen who 
settled the region a hundred or more years ago. The rent, of course, 
depends somewhat upon the amount and quality of the land which 
goes with the house. The size of the lots varies from small garden 
plats to good-sized farms. The rent of the farm land, however, is 
frequently paid by a share of the crop. In several cases married 
children share the farm with the parents, probably paying rent in 
labor. When money is paid for the rent of a house and home lot 
the sum varies from 50 cents to $2.50 a month, with SI or $1.50 as 
the most common price. Some of the families raised vegetables, and 
even more grew corn for home use. This corn they carried to the 
local mill and left it to be ground. Xeedless to say, the method of 
grinding was primitive and relatively expensive. 

The furnishings of these mountain homes correspond to the char- 
acter of the houses. Beds, rough chairs, and a table are frequently 
the only furniture. Cooking stoves are even less common than in the 
houses near town. Things which are mainly ornamental and not 
strictly necessary, such as wall paper, window curtains, carpets, etc., 
are almost never seen, and in general there seems to be less incentive 
to keep the places looking well than in the case of the houses near 

tOWTL. 

The families in the remote districts dress even more simply and 
cheaply than those in and near town. 

Very few of the families among whom these studies were made 
were at first disposed to let their bills of fare or their cost of living be 
known, especially as the}^ did not easily understand the purpose of the 

[Bull. 221] 



25 

studies. They would not give their consent to the work until they 
had been approached by persons whom they knew and trusted. In 
all cases compensation for their cooperation was given. 

METHOD OF CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATIONS. 

The general plan of these studies was that followed in the family 
dietaries already reported in various bulletins of this Office. : It 
consists in ascertaining the weight, composition, and cost of all the 
food used by the family during the assigned period, and the number 
of meals served. The waste is also coUected and analyzed. The 
amounts of nutrients supplied by each class of food materials and by 
the total food are then calculated from these data. The usual 
assumptions are made regarding the relative amounts of food con- 
sumed by persons of different age and sex b in determining the amount 
consumed per man per day. 

The studies were continued through fourteen days each, and it is be- 
lieved that they represent as accurately as possible the dietary habits 
of these families at the season when they were made. The first four 
(Xos. 604-607) were made during the winter of 1900-1901: the next 
three (Xos. 608-610) in the spring of 1902: the next nineteen (Xos. 
611-629; in the winter of 1902-3: Xos. 630-648 in. the autumn of 
1903 : and the last series (Xos. 649-667) in the summer of 1904. The 
Maryville studies represent the diets of people in the same locality 
at different times of the year and probably show whatever peculi- 
arities the various seasons cause in the diet. The last series contains 
all the studies made in remote districts, and shows only late summer 
dietaries. But as they contain very few of the fresh fruits and 
vegetables, poultry and eggs, which ordinarily distinguish summer 
from winter dietaries, we may infer that there was little difference 
in the food from month to month. It is possible that small game 
increased the amount of meat used at certain seasons. 

Besides the usual data regarding the number, age. weight, and 
occupations of persons in each family, the observers in these studies 
gave full reports regarding their financial condition, the character 
of the house and furniture, the extent and quality of the land and 
crops, the number and value of the animals, and tools and farming 
implements found about the place, and were requested to answer 
questions on several other points. Photographs were taken of all the 
houses, and some of them are reproduced in the accompanying plates. 
It may be remarked in passing that the persons who appear in these 
pictures are not in every case all or only the members of the family 



- I". S. Dej _ office Expt. Stas. Buls. 38, 40. 71. etc. 

b U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers" Bui. 142. 



[Bull. 221] 



26 

studied; the neighbors seemed to be glad to share the somewhat 
unusual experience of having their photographs taken. 

All the data thus gathered are not published, but they were care- 
fully summarized in preparing the general account of the region and 
people as well as the brief descriptions given with the reports of the 
individual studies. 

THE COST OF FOOD. 

In estimating the cost of food in the individual studies, the average 
cost for the locality in which the study was made has been taken. 
The table following shows the cost of different food materials used 
in these studies. It shows also the range in price of each kind of food 
in the different localities. It will be seen that this range of price is in 
some cases not inconsiderable. This seems to be due mainly to the 
presence or absence of an established market in the vicinity. In 
many cases some of the foods used were raised at home and entailed 
no direct expenditure, but it was impossible to take this into account 
in the tables, and all the foods are there reckoned as costing the 
current prices. 

CHARACTER AND COMPOSITION OF THE FOOD. 

In many instances the different kinds of food used in these studies 
were home grown — that is, native to the State of Tennessee. This 
applies to most of the different cuts of beef and pork used, to all the 
fish except canned sardines, to the game and dairy products and 
most of the cereals, and all but a few of the canned fruits and vege- 
tables. Since a large number of analyses of Tennessee foods had 
been made in former years, it was deemed necessary to make but 
few new analyses, as the products were believed to be similar to 
those analyzed 'previously. In a number of instances figures were 
taken from the compilation by Atwater and Bryant. a There were 
also certain instances of foods, particularly fruits, whose percentage 
composition was assumed from those of similar fruits. Though this 
assumption undoubtedly introduces a small error, the foods with 
which it was followed were so small in quantity that they were very 
unimportant parts of the studies. 

The following tables show the cost of the foods used in these 
studies, both the range in price and also the usual price in the region 
at the time the studies were made, and the proportion of nutrients 
in the foods analyzed for the studies reported beyond. 

a IT. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 28 ? rev. 
[Bull. 221] 



27 



Prices of the different food materials used in the dietary studies in Tennessee. 



Kind of food. 


Range in 
price per 
pound. 


Usual 
price per 
pound. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: 

Chuck 


Cents. 

10 

1-H 

5 

10 -12! 

10 

10 -12J 

6| 

5 -10 
2-3 

m 

i- f 

10 -12i 
15" 
10 
10 

10 -15 

12| 


Cents. 
10 




1 




5 




10 


Side 


10 




10 




6§ 


Pork: 


7! 




2J 




12! 




,o 8 


Lard 




15 


Salt, fat. 


10 




10 




10 


Fish: 

Perch 


12| 


Sardines, canned 


Game: 


7! 
7-17 

15-25 

2| 


7! 




10 


Dairy products: 


20 


Milk 


2! 


Buttermilk 


Milk, skimmed 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: 

Corn meal, bolted (55-75 cents per bushel) 




1 


Corn meal, unbolted (55-80 cents per bushel) 




1A 


Hominy. 


1 
3J- 5 
5-7 


1* 


Oats, rolled 


5 


Rice 


6 


Wheat flour ($2.40-$2.70 per hundred) 


21 


Bread, corn 


4 




Bread, white 


4 


Biscuit, soda 


4 


Pie, blackberry 




Sugars, starches, etc.: 


8 -12 


10 


Molasses (25-40 cents per gallon) 




Sugar, brown ■ 


4-5 
5-6 


5 


Sugar, granulated 


54 


Vegetables: 

Beans, butter 


8 


Beans, dried 




5 


Beans, pickled 




Beans, string 


J* 




5 -10 

1 - 4 
5 
10 


Cabbage 


2 


Corn 


5 




10 


Cowpeas, Clay, dried ($l-$2 per bushel) 


3 


Cowpeas, Whippoorwill, dried (.|l-.$2 per bushel) 




3 


Onions (00 cents-$1.25 per bushel) 


5 


Peas, dried 


Peas, canned 


6 


Parsnips (00-75 cents per bushel) 


1 




20 


20 


Potatoes (60 cents-$l per bushel) 


1 


Pumpkins 


1 
5 
8 
5 


1 


Pumpkins, dried 


5 


Pumpkin butter 


8 


Rhubarb 


5 


Sauerkraut (10-20 cents per gallon) 


2 


Sweet potatoes (50-80 cents per bushel) 






Tomatoes (25 cents-$1.50 per bushel) 




1 


Tomatoes, canned 


5 


5 


Turnips (25-50 cents per bushel) 


I 



[Bull. 221] 



28 

Prices of the different food materials used in the dietary studies in Tennessee — Cont'd. 



Kind of food. 



Range in 
price per 
pound. 



Usual 
price per 
pound. 



vegetable food — continued. 
Fruits: 

Apples (CO cents-Sl.50 per bushel) 

Apples, dried 

Apples, canned 

Apple jelly 

Apple butter 

Blackberries, canned 

Blackberries, dried (20 cents per gallon) 

Blackberry jelly 

Citron 

Gooseberries, dried (20 cents per gallon) 

Gooseberries, canned 

Grapes, canned (20 cents per gallon) 

Huckleberries, canned 

Muskrnelon 

Peaches, dried 

Peaches, canned 

Preserves, watermelon 

Quince jelly 



Cents. 



4-10 
10 
10 
10 

6-8 



6-10 



5-10 

2 

8-15 

6- 8 

10 



Cents. 



Chemical composition of food materials analyzed in dietary studies Xos. 604-681 



Refer- 
ence 
No. 



Kind of food. 



Protein. 



Fat. 



Carbohy- 
drates". 



Beef: 

Chuck .-.. 

Shank as purchased. . 
Shank, edible portion 

Shoulder, clod 

Side 



ANIMAL FOOD. 



Steak, round 

Liver 

Pork: 

Chuck ribs 

Head 

Shoulder 

Liver 

Lard 

Ham, smoked 

Salt, fat 

Shoulder, salt 

Sausage 

Fish: 

Perch 

Sardines, canned 

Game: Rabbit 

Eggs 

Dairy products: 

Butter 

Milk 

Do 

Do 

Buttermilk 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Milk, skimmed 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: 

Corn meal, bolted 

Corn meal, unbolted 

Hominy. .'. 

Oats, rolled 

Rice. 

Wheat flour 

Bread, corn 

Bread, white 

Biscuit, soda 

Pie, blackberry 



Per 



cent. 
15.2 
6.7 
21.0 
18.5 
15.3 
19.2 
20.2 

14.1 

4.1 

12.0 

21.3 



14.5 



Per cent. Per cent. 



1.9 . 

5.S . 

4.7 . 

10.5 . 

7.0 . 
3.1 

25.5 . 

13. S . 

29.8 . 

4.5 . 

100.0 . 

33.2 . 

73.2 . 



12.6 


33.0 




11.8 


47.1 




6.6 


.0 




23.7 


12.1 




13.9 


8.7 




13.1 


9.3 




1.9 


S2.7 




4.1 


1.1 


5.6 


2.3 


3.2 


4.6 


3.2 


3.5 


5.2 


3.0 


.6 


3.4 


2.S 


.6 


3.9 


3.1 


1.7 


3.2 


3.4 


.6 


3.3 


2.S 


.6 


3.1 


2.9 


.6 


4.8 


3.4 


.3 


5.1 


7.S 


3.4 


72.3 


i .0 


4.2 


65.9 


S.3 


.6 


79.0 


16.7 


7.3 


66.2 


S.O 


.3 


79.0 


10.1 


1.0 


77.8 


8.1 


7.9 


45.0 


9.8 


.7 


57.1 


9.3 


13.7 


52. 6 


4.6 


9.5 


39.6 



[Bull. 221] 



29 

Chemical composition of food materials analyzed in dietary studies Nos. 604-681 — Cont'd. 



Refer- 
ence 
No. 



Kind of food. 



Protein. 



Fat. 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



47 



vegetable rooD— continued. 



Sugars, starches, etc.: 

Honey 

Molasses 

Sugar, brown 

Sugar, granulated 

Vegetables: 

Beans , butter 

Beans, string 

Beans, dried 

Beans, pickled 

Beets, pickled 

Cabbage 

Corn 

Corn, canned 

Cowpeas, Clay, drie d 

Do 

Cowpeas, Whippoorwill, dried. 

Onions 

Peas, dried 

Peas, canned 

Parsnips 

Pickles, cucumber 

Potatoes 

Pumpkins 

Pumpkin, dried 

Pumpkin butter 

Rhubarb 

Sauerkraut 

Sweet potatoes 

Tomatoes 

Tomatoes, canned 

Turnips as purchased 

Turnips, edible portion 

Fruits, etc.: 

Apples 

Apples, dried 

Apples, canned 

Apple jelly 

Apple butter 

Blackberries, canned 

Blackberries, dried 

Blackberry jelly 

Citron 

Gooseberries, dried 

Gooseberries, canned 

Grapes, canned 

Huckleberries, canned. 

Muskmelons 

Peaches, dried 

Peaches, canned 

Preserves, watermelon 

Quince jelly 



Per cent. 
0.4 
2.4 



Per cent. 



9.4 

2.3 

20.7 

1.1 

2.3 

1.6 

3.1 

2.8 

22.4 

21.9 

21.5 

1.4 

24.6 

3.6 

1.3 

.5 
2.2 

.5 
7.1 

.8 

.4 
1.7 
1.8 

.9 
1.2 

.9 
1.3 

.3 
1.6 

.3 
1.1 



0.6 

.3 

1.6 

.1 

.1 

.3 

1.1 

1.2 

1.6 

1.8 

1.5 

.3 

1.0 

.2 

.4 

.3 

.1 

.1 

1.8 

.2 

.4 

.5 

.7 

.4 

.2 

.1 

.2 

.3 

2.2 
2.4 



.2 


.8 


.8 


2.1 


2.4 


1.7 


1 1 




.5 


1.5 


2.4 


1.7 


.6 


.6 


.6 


.6 


.6 


.6 


.3 




4.7 


1.0 


.7 


.1 


.5 


1.5 


1.1 





Per cent. 
81.2 
69.3 
95.0 
100.0 

29.1 



7.4 

62.5 

3.8 

7.4 

5.6 

19.7 

19.0 

61.9 

61.8 

63.5 

8.9 

62.0 

9.8 

10.8 

2.7 

18.4 

2.6 

59.9 

6.7 

2.2 

3.8 

27.4 

3.9 

4.0 

5.7 

8.1 

10.8 
66.1 
54.4 
77.2 
37.2 
56.4 
74.2 
77.2 
78.1 
74.2 
12.8 
12.8 
12.8 
4.6 
62.5 
10.8 
78.1 
77.2 



In the table reporting the experimental data for each dietary study 
figures in parentheses will be found after the different kinds of foods. 
These indicate the data used in computing the nutritive material 
supplied by the quantity of each food, Nos. 1 to 90, inclusive, being 
the reference numbers for the foods included in the table above, 
while the remaining numbers refer to average figures for the compo- 
sition of foods summarized in a manuscript table on file in the Office 
of Experiment Stations. 

[Bull. 221] 



30 
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF THE WASTE. 

There were certain amounts of waste in almost every one of these 
studies. These several wastes, which included both animal and vege- 
table food, were analyzed by the customary methods. The table 
below shows the proportion of nutrients in the water-free waste 
material in each study. 

Composition of water-free substance of waste in dietary studies Nog. 604-667. 



Dietary 

study*. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Ash. 




Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


No. 604. . . 


10.6 


12.0 


74.4 


3.0 


No. 605... 










No. 606... 


11.3 


6.3 


79.3 


3.1 


No. 607... 


11.7 


10.5 


72.0 


5.8 


No. 608... 


11.5 


6.7 


77.7 


4.1 


No. 609... 


11.7 


7.9 


77.6 


2.8 


No. 610... 


10.8 


6.4 


80.7 


2.1 


No. 611... 


12.8 


7.4 


77.7 


2.1 


No. 612... 


13.0 


11.2 


73.1 


2.7 


No. 613... 


11.4 


7.8 


77.6 


3.2 


No. 614... 


12.3 


10.9 


74.1 


2.7 


No. 615... 


13.9 


10.2 


72.7 


3.2 


No. 616... 


12.5 


9.2 


75.5 


2.8 


No. 617... 


12.6 


7.5 


76.6 


3.3 


No. 618... 


12.2 


7.7 


77.6 


2.5 


No. 619... 


9.8 


6.1 


80.1 


4.0 


No. 620... 


8.4 


4.9 


84.0 


2.7 


No. 621... 


10.1 


3.6 


81.8 


4.5 


No. 622... 


5.6 


4.4 


84.4 


5.6 


No. 623... 


11.2 


4.8 


80.8 


3.2 


No. 624... 


9.6 


5.1 


81.7 


3.6 


No. 625... 


6.5 


3.9 


85.6 


4.0 


No. 626... 


9.3 


4.0 


82.9 


3.8 


No. 627... 


7.2 


3.7 


85.4 


3.7 


No. 628... 


8.7 


3.1 


84.7 


3.5 


No. 629... 


12.1 


2.8 


81.2 


3.9 


No. 630... 


13.3 


3.6 


79.5 


3.6 


No. 631... 


11.1 


6.8 


-77. 7 


4.4 


No. 632... 


12.7 


3.5 


80.3 


3.5 


No. 633... 


13.0 


2.6 


82.0 


2.4 


No. 634... 


11.5 


10.3 


75.3 


2.9 


No. 635... 


10.5 


10.2 


76.4 


2.9 



Dietary 
study. 



No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 



Protein. 



Per cent. 
11.5 
11.4 
11.1 
11.9 
9.8 
11.2 
11.9 
11.7 
11.3 
11.9 
11.2 
10.5 
11.6 



Fat. 



Per cent. 

4.7 

2.2 

6.5 

12.6 

10.1 

7.6 

10.9 

11.4 

5.6 

11.7 

4.9 

8.8 

7.1 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



Per cent. 
80.6 
84.4 
79.5 
72.1 
78.2 
79.5 
75.2 
74.7 
80.2 
74.4 
81.6 
76.8 
79.4 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 



100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 



Ash. 



Per cent. 
3.2 
2.0 
2.9 
3.4 
1.9 
1.7 
2.0 
2.2 
2.9 
2.0 
2.3 
3.9 
1.9 



100.0 
100.0 



.1 100.0 
100.0 



DIETARY STUDIES IN MOUNTAIN REGIONS, Nos. 604-648. 

The details of the studies follow. A few comments accompany 
each study, and a more systematic discussion is given with the sum- 
mary of them all. (See p. 104.) 

DIETARY STUDY No. 604. 

This study was made with a man and wife living in the suburbs of 
Knoxville. The man was a teamster. 

The study began December 7, 1900. The number of meals taken 
by the subjects is given below: 

Meals. 
Man 42 

Woman (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 34 

Total number of meals equivalent to 76 

Equivalent to 1 man for 25 days. 
[Bull. 221] 



31 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 604. 



Food consumed during the whole study (11 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Steak, round. 1 pound. 10 cents (6) 

Pork: Lard, 2.5 pounds, 25 cents (12); salt fat, 


Dollars. 
0.10 

.88 
.03 


Cents. 

0.4 

3.5 

.1 


Grams. 
4 

9 
2 


Grams. 
1 

129 


Grams. 


Calories. 
25 




1.184 
20 


Buttermilk. 4 pounds, 3 cents (30) 


3 






Total animal food 


1.01 


4.0 


15 


130 


3 


1,229 


VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 12 pounds, 14 cents (32); 


.81 

.51 


3.2 
2.1 


68 
13 


13 
2 


553 

144 


2,600 

646 


Vegetables: Potatoes, 17 per cent refuse, 23.75 
pounds, 31 cents (62); sweet potatoes, 21 per 








1.32 


5.3 


81 


15 


697 


3,246 






Total food 


2.33 


9.3 


96 
3 


145 
3 


700 
19 


4,475 




115 










Food actually eaten 


2.33 


9.3 


93 


142 


681 


4,360 



From this table it will be seen that this family consumed per man 
per day 93 grams protein, 142 grams fat, and 681 grams carbohydrates, 
having a fuel value of 4,360 calories. It can not be stated what 
degree of activity the man's occupation required, and it is hardly 
possible on that account to say with any degree of accuracy whether 
the protein consumed approximated his demand. The energy value 
is high, and it seems certain that this family received from their food 
ample energy for their needs. The amount of fat consumed in this 
studv was considerable, and accounts in large degree for the high 
energy. 

It is noticeable that the cost of the food is quite evenly divided 
between the animal and vegetable foods; 85 per cent of the protein, 
however, was derived from vegetable food. The cost, 9.3 cents per 
man per day, is slightly more than the average for these studies. 



DIETARY STUDY No. 605. 

From data reported by the observer, it seems that the family here 
studied were very poor. They occupied a two-room house, for which 
they paid a rent of SI. 50 per month. Both the man and woman 
worked, the man being a laborer, while his wife did washing to assist 
in supporting the family. Their income is not stated. 

[Bull. 221] 



32 

The study began February 11, 1901. The age of each member of 
the family, and the number of meals taken by each, was as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 61 years 42 

Man, visitor 1 

"Woman, age 33 years (42 mealsX0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 34 

"Women (2), visitors -. 2 

Child, age 10 years (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 25 

Child, age 8 years (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Child, age 6 years (42 mealsX0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Child, age 3 years (42 meaisX0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 17 

Total number of meals equivalent to 163 

Equivalent to 1 man for 54 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 605. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- Fuel 
drates. value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef* Side, 2 pounds, 20 cents (5) . . . 


Dollars. 
0.20 

.53 
.20 
.73 
.26 


Cents. 
0.4 

1.0 
.4 
1.3 


Grams. 
3 

6 
"in 


Grams. 
2 


Grams. 


Calories. 
30 


Pork: Chuck ribs, 4 pounds, 20 cents (8); lard, 
2.25 pounds, 23 cents (12); sausage, 1 pound, 10 
cents (16) 


31 
7 
3 




300 


Butter, 1 pound, 20 cents (21) ... . 




62 
123 


Milk, 29 pounds, 73 cents (22) 


14 


Buttermilk, 39.06 pounds, 26 cents (28). . . 


.5 11 


2 11 106 








1.92 


3.6 ! 30 


45 j 25 621 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 35.25 pounds, 42 cents (33); 

flour, wheat, 25.5 pounds, 61 cents (37) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, brown, 3.25 pounds, 

16 cents (44) 


1.03 
.16 

.22 
.12 


1.9 
.3 

.4 

_ 2 


44 


14 


362 
26 

28 
5 


1,748 
104 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 1 pound, 5 cents (48): 
cowpeas, Clay, dried, 2 pounds, 6 cents (54); 
onions, 2 pounds, 4 cents (57); sweet potatoes, 
23 per cent refuse, 6.5 pounds, 7 cents (68) 

Fruits, etc.: Peaches, dried, 1 pound, 12 cents 
(87) . 


6 


1 


145 
20 












1.53 


2.8 


50 


15 | 421 2,017 






3.45 


6.4 


80 60 


446 2.638 













The food consumed in this study furnished 80 grams protein, 60 
grams fat, and 446 grams carbohydrates, with an energy value of 
2,638 calories. From these figures it will be seen that the amounts 
of protein and energy ^ are very well proportioned, though both are 
low. The cost, 6.4 cents per man per day, is extremely low for a diet 
furnishing the nutrients and energy which this does. It is notice- 
able also that no waste is reported, which shows extreme economy in 
the household management. 

Corn meal and flour are the two foods used most extensively in this 
study, showing that this family relied on cereal foods for more than 

[Bull. 221] 



33 

one-half of the protein and 66 per cent of the energy supplied. As 
these are both very cheap foods, this is another instance of economy. 
It is, however, probable that these people acted from habit rather 
than knowledge. The diet for families hi such conditions was 
fairly varied. In spite of its good features, however, it is doubtful 
whether this diet was adequate to the needs of the family. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 606. 

This study was made with a family consisting of a widow and 
two daughters. The income is not stated. They had no occupation 
other than the usual household work. The house in which they lived 
appears to have been rather better than the average. 

The study began February 11, 1901. The age of each member of 
the family, and the number of meals taken by each, was as follows: 

Meals. 

Woman, age 55 years (41 meals X 0.8 meal of mam, equivalent to 33 

Woman. ao:e 21 years (41 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 33 

Woman, age 17 years (40 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 32 

Total number of meals equivalent to 98 

Equivalent to 1 man for 33 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 606. 
Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). Cost nUtrientS m \ n n d pe r el dav Ue ° f f °° d ^ 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cost. Cost. 



Pro- 
tein. 



Fat. 



Carbon y- Fuel 
drates. value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Chuck ribs, 6 pounds, 30 cents (8); salt 
fat, 5.25 pounds. 53 cents (14); sausage, 0.25 
pound, 2 cents (16) 

Eggs, 1.5 pounds, 15 cents (20) 

Butter. 2.5 pounds. 50 cents, (21) 

Milk. 2.5 pounds, 6 cents (23) 

Buttermilk. 32.5 pounds. 20 cents (27) 



Dollars. 
0.85 
.15 
.JO 
.06 
.20 



Cents. 
2.6 

.4 
1.5 



Grams. 
18 
2 

1 
1 
14 



Gram*. Grams. Calories. 

75 740 

2 26 

28 253 

1 I 2 21 

8 14 183 





1. 76 


5 3 


36 


114 


16 


1.223 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal. 16.31 pounds. 20 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 17.88 pounds. 43 cents (37); bread. 


.05 
38 

1.32 


2.1 
.1 

1.2 
4 


44 


12 


351 
13 

59 
109 


1.6S7 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, brown. 1 pound, 5 


.., 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 6.5 pounds, 13 cents (51); 
sauerkraut, 4 pounds, Scents (67); sweet pota- 
toes, 6 per cent refuse, 13 pounds, 13 cents (68); 
turnips, 21 per cent refuse. 7 pounds. 4 cents (72). 

Fruits, etc.: Apples. 1 pound. 2 cents (73): apples. 
dried, 1 pound, 5 cents (74); apple jelly. 1.5 
pounds, 15 cents (76c blackberries, canned, 
9.5 pounds, 68 cents (78); peaches, canned, 6 
pounds, 42 cents (88) 


6 
2 


2 
3 


278 

470 








2.44 


7.4 


52 


17 


532 


2. 487 






Total food 


4.20 


.2.7 


88 
2 


131 


548 
15 


3,710 


Food wasted 


77 










Food actuallv eaten 


4.20 


12.7 


86 


130 


533 


3.633 







9180— Bull. 221—09 



34 

Though nothing is known concerning the muscular activity of the 
persons studied, the data of the above table would indicate that the 
amount of food consumed was probably nearly sufficient for their 
needs. The energy is much higher than would be expected. The 
cost is nearly 4 cents higher than the average of these studies, as 
might be expected from the variety of food materials used. The 
waste is, as in almost all of these studies, very small in nutritive 
value. It would appear from the general conditions of this family, 
as reported by the observer, that they were rather above the average 
of the families studied as regards income and standards of life. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 607. 

The family here studied was very poor. The man was physically 
unable to do more than a little work, and the family was largely sup- 
ported by the mother, who took in washing. They paid $1 per 
month for the rent of the two rooms in which they lived. 

This study began February 11, 1901, and was continued for the 
usual period. The ages of the different subjects, and the number of 
meals taken by each, were as follows : 

Meals. 

Man, age 26 years 42 

Woman, age 23 years (34 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 27 

Boy, age 6 years (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to . . 21 

Boy, age 5 years (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 17 

Girl, age 2 years (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 17 

Total number of meals equivalent to 124 

Equivalent to 1 man for 41 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 607. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


autrients 


,, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Head, 12.75 pounds, 32 cents (9); salt 

fat, 6.25 pounds, 63 cents (14) ... » 

Buttermilk, 104.75 pounds, 65 cents (26) 


Dollars. 

0.95 

.65 


Cents. 
2 3 
1.6 


Grams. 
11 
33 


Grams. 
70 


Grams. 


Calories. 
667 


45 


374 










1.60 


3.9 


44 


77 


45 


1,041 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 35.81 pounds, 43 cents (33); 


.98 

.04 
.03 


2.4 

.1 
.1 


55 

1 


19 


459 

6 
2 


2,225 


Vegetables: Turnips, 15 per cent refuse, 8.5 


28 


Fruits, etc.: Apples, i. 5 pounds, 3 cents (73).... . . 


8 


Total vegetable food 


1.05 


2.6 


56 


19 


467 


2.261 






Total food 


2.65 


6.5 


100 
1 


96 
1 


512 
8 


3. 302 


Food wasted 


45 










2. 65 6. 5 


99 95 


504 


3. 257 















[Bull. 221] 



35 

The table on page 34 shows a decided lack of variety in the diet. 
Only seven articles of food were consumed during the two weeks of the 
study. Yet this family obtained 99 grams protein and 3,257 calories 
energy, which is more than the equivalent in protein and considerably 
in excess in energy of the standard for man at sedentary occupation 
or woman with moderately active muscular work. As far as may be 
judged from the data reported, this standard corresponded fairly 
well with the activity of the household. It would, therefore, seem 
that they were sufficiently nourished. The cost of the diet, 6.5 cents 
per man per day, is very small, doubtless owing to the fact that the 
family lived very largely on two articles of food, both furnishing 
large amounts of protein and energy in proportion to their cost, 
namely, buttermilk and corn meal. About 70 per cent of the fat used 
was derived from the use of fat salt pork. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 608. 

Dietary study Xo. 60S is the first of those made in or near Maryville, 
and was made with a family of three, a woman and her two boys. 
They occupied a three-room house. The mother took in washing to 
support the family, but the amount of her income is unknown. 

The study began March 31, 1902. The ages and weights of the 
several members of the family, and the number of meals taken by 
each, were as follows : 

Meals. 
Woman, age 22 years, weight 105 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man) , equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 5 years, weight 48 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of mam. 

equivalent to 17 

Boy, age 3 years, weight 32 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of mail', 

equivalent to 17 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 68 

Equivalent to 1 man for 23 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 608. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cost. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 1 pound, 10 cents (12); ham, smoked, 
1 pound, 15 cents (13); salt fat, 1.5 pounds, 15 
cents (14) 

Eggs, 0.25 pound, 3 cents (20) 

Butter. 2.25 pounds, 4.") cents (21) 

Buttermilk, 14.5 pounds, 9 cents (25) 

Total animal food 

[Bull. L'L'IJ 



Cost. 



Pro- 
tein. 



Fat. 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



Fuel 
value . 



Dollars. 


Cents. 


Grams. 


Grams. 


Grams. Calories. 


0.40 


1.7 


5 


4S 


447 


.03 


.1 


1 




4 


.45 


2.0 


1 


37 


333 


.09 


.4 


8 




10 90 


.97 


4.2 


15 


87 


10 S74 



36 



Wrights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 608 — Continued. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


»* \°££T 


Fuel 
value. 


VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 5 per cent refuse, 4.75pounds, 
6 cents (33); flour, wheat, 10.94 pounds, 26 
cents (37) 


Dollars. 
0.32 

.42 
.30 


Cents. 
1.4 

1.8 

13 


Grams. 
29 


Grams. Grams. 

6 226 


Calories. 
1,073 

548 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 6.94 




137 

56 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 1 pound, 5 cents (48); 
cabbage, 4.5 pounds, 9 cents (51); peas, dried, 
2 pounds, 10 cents (58); potatoes, 18 per cent 
refuse, 4.88 pounds, 6 cents (62) 


17 


1 


301 










Total vegetable food 


1.04 


4.5 


46 


7 i 419 


1,922 






Total food 


2.01 


8.7 


61 

1 


94 


429 
9 


2,796 


Food wasted 


49 










Food actuallv eaten 


2.01 


8.7 


60 


93 420 


2,747 











It seems very certain from the results given in the above table that 
the nutrients supplied, 60 grams protein, 93 grams fat, 420 grams 
carbohydrates, and 2,747 calories of energy, were insufficient for the 
needs of the family. The protein in particular is low. The cost of 
this diet, 8.7 cents, is higher than that in the preceding study (6.5), 
though the diet furnished one-third less protein and but 84 per cent 
of the energy. This is accounted for by the fact that in this study 
butter was used, while in the other it was not. This is not meant 
to imply that butter is an unimportant article in the diet, but that 
where it is absolutely necessary to obtain the most nutriment at the 
least possible cost, as would seem to have been the case here, other 
foods yielding more nutriment for the same amount of expenditure 
might be purchased. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 609. 

The following study was made with the family of a "section hand" 
employed on the railroad. His employment on the railroad was 
irregular, and he worked in a brickyard a part of the time. His 
average wage was $1 per day. The family occupied a two-room 
house (PL I, fig. 1), for which they paid $2 rent. They had a small 
garden and raised some vegetables. Among this class of people, 
where, as far as may be judged from this series of studies, regular 
employment seems to have been rare, this family might be said to be 
reasonably well situated. 

The study began March 31, 1902. The ages and weights of the 
members of the family, and the number of meals taken by each mem- 
ber, were as follows. 

[Bull. 221] 



U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bui. 221, Office of Expt. Stations. 



Plate I. 




.z^^ff'ti 



m?-" 



&Sgtm«&>* ■- -^f.-^.— *fcj 



Fig. 1.— Home of Section Hand. Dietary Study No. 609. 




Fig 2.— Home of Stationary Engineer. Dietary Study No. 610. 



37 

Meals. 

Man, age 23 years, weight 154 pounds 39 

Woman, age 19 years, weight 129 pounds (40 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 32 

Boy, age 2 years, weight 25 pounds (40 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 16 

Visitor, boy, age 16 years 2 

Total number of meals equivalent to 89 

Equivalent to 1 man for 30 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 609. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 2.75 pounds, 28 cents (12); ham, 
smoked, 0.63 pound, 10 cents (13); salt fat, 6.63 


Dollars. 
1.02 
.05 


Cents. 

3.4 

.2 


Grams. 
9 
4 


Grams. 
118 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1,086 




1 


^ 


45 










1.07 3.6 13 


119 


5 1,131 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 3.06 pounds, 4 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 21. ]9 pounds, 51 cents (37); bis- 
cuit, 2.38 pounds, 10 cents (40) 


.65 
.18 

.39 

.22 


2.2 39 
.6 1 

1.3 24 

.7 : 1 


10 
1 


298 
56 

69 
21 


1,437 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 2.63 pounds, 8 
cents (43) ; sugar, brown, 2 pounds, lOcents (44) . 

Vegetables: Beans, dried, 5.13 pounds, 25 cents 
(48); cabbage, 1.88 pounds, 4 cents (51); peas, 


228 
381 


Fruits, etc.: Peaches, dried, 1 pound, 12 cents 
(87); quince jelly, 1 pound, 10 cents (90) 


88 




1.44 


4.8 | 65 11 


444 


2,134 






Total food 


2.51 


8. 4 1 78 1 130 


449 i 3,265 
12 1 65 






2 1 1 










2.51 | 8.-4 76 : 129 


437 | 3,200 





From the above table it will be seen that the diet studied furnished 
76 grams protein, 129 grams fat, and 437 grams carbohydrates, with 
a fuel value of 3,200 calories. The energy supplied was probably 
not far from adequate to the needs of the persons studied, but the 
protein is small in amount. The amount of protein from animal food 
was very small, being only about 17 per cent of the total. The cost 
was about medium. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 610. 



The subjects of this study were the members of a stationary engi- 
neer's family. The father was employed in a planing mill, but only 
irregularly. Their income was very small, though not precisely 
stated. The average was probably not far from $2.50 per week. The 
family occupied a three-room cabin (PI. I, fig. 2). 

[Bull. 221] 



38 

The study began April 16, 1902, and was continued for the usual 
time. The ages and weights of the different members of the family, 
and the number of meals eaten, were as follows : 

Meals. 

Man, age 31 years, weight 133 pounds 41 

Woman, age 33 years, weight 135 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 6 years, weight 35 pounds (41 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 4 years, weight 30 pounds (41 mealsX0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 16 

Girl, age 6 months, weight 20 pounds (41 mealsX0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 12 

Girl, age 12 years (1 mealX0.6 meal of manl ivalent to j 

Girl, age 15 years (1 mealX0.8 meal of manf 

Total number of meals equivalent to 125 

Equivalent to 1 man for 42 days. 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 610. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 2 pounds, 20 cents (12); salt fat, 2.5 


Dollars. 
0.45 
.10 
.12 
.75 
.15 


Cents. 

1.1 
.2 
.3 

1.8 
.3 


Grams. 
2 


Grams. 

41 


Grams. 


Calories. 
373 


Fish: Sardines, canned, 0.25 pound, 10 cents (18). 








Eggs, 1.19 pounds, 12 cents (20) 


" 2 

1 
8 


1 

34 
2 




17 




306 




9 


86 










1.57 


3.7 


13 


78 


9 


782 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Flour, wheat, 41.44 pounds, $1 (37) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 6.5 pounds, 20 
cents (43); sugar, granulated, 3.25 pounds 20 
cents (45) 


1.00 
.40 

1.32 
.14 


2.4 
1.0 

3.1 
.3 


. 45 
2 

24 


5 
2 


348 
84 

85 
2 


1,616 
344 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 9 pounds, 45 cents 
(48); cabbage, 1.75 pounds, 4 cents (51); corn, 
canned, 6.25 pounds, 63 cents (53); cucumber 
pickles, 0.5 pound, 5 cents (61); peas, canned, 
1.25 pounds, 8 cents (59); potatoes, 18 per cent 


454 


Fruits, etc. : Peaches, canned, 2 pounds, 14 cents 
(88) 


8 












2.86 


6.8 


71 


7 


519 


2,422 






Total food : 


4.43 


10.5 


84 
1 


85 
1 


528 
10 


3,204 




53 










Food actually eaten 


4.43 


10.5 


83 


84 


518 


3.151 









The cost per man per day in the table above is somewhat greater than 
the average of those here reported. The variety of the diet is con- 
siderable, which in some measure probably accounts for the increased 
cost, since the nutrients and energy are not correspondingly high. 
It would seem that from so varied a diet and such a (relatively) high 
cost, greater nutritive value might have been obtained. It is quite 
possible, however, that the nutrients supplied were quite or nearly 
sufficient for the needs of the family, especially if the man was out of 

[Bull. 221J 



39 



work during the period. All other things being equal, such a varied 
diet is certainly more desirable than that observed in dietary stud}" 
No. 608 , for example. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 611. 

This dietary study was made with a widow and her son. Both 
worked, the woman taking in washing and the son doing job work. 
Their income was, therefore, uncertain, and varied 'considerably from 
week to week. They had a small garden, where they raised some 
vegetables. They occupied a two-room house, which they rented for 
$2 per month. 

The study began December 7, 1902. The number of meals taken, 
with the age and weight of the two subjects, is given below: 

Meals. 
Woman, age 39 years, weight 120 pounds (42 meals X0. 8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 13 years, weight 105 pounds (42 mealsX0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 33 

Total number of meals equivalent to 67 

Equivalent to 1 man for 22 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 611. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates!! 


Fuel, 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shoulder clod, 1.5 pounds, 15 cents (4) 

Pork: Lard, 1 pound, 10 cents (12); salt fat, 7.5 
pounds, 75 cents (14); sausage, 1.5 pounds, 25 
cents (16). . 


Dollars. 
0.15 

1.10 
.30 


Cents. 

0.7 

5.0 
1.3 


Grams. 
5 

16 

1 


Grams. 

1 

148 
26 


Grams. 


Calories. 
29 




1,381 
235 












Total animal food 


1.55 


7.0 22 


175 




1,645 




.... 




VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 23 pounds, 28 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 11 pounds, 26 cents (37); bread, 
white, 0.5 pound, 2 cents (39) 


.56 
.09 

.07 


2.6 
.4 

.3 


60 
1 

6 


22 

1 


495 
-13 

34 


2.416 


Sugar, starches, etc.: Molasses, 3 pounds, 9 cents 
(43) 


176 


Vegetables: Cowpeas, dried, 1 pound, 3 cents 
(56); sweet potatoes, 6 per cent refuse, 4 
pounds, 4 cents (6S) 


169 






Total vegetable food 


.72 


3.3 


67 


23 


572 


2,761 


Total food 


2.27 


10.3 


89 
3 


198 
2 


572 
16 


4, 406 
94 


Food wasted 












Food actually eaten 


2.27 


10.3 


86 


196 


556 


4,312 







The table above shows a diet high in energy, but low in protein. 
This seems somewhat typical of the diet of this class of people in this 
locality, a high energy value being obtained from the large amounts 
of fat pork and corn meal used. 

The cost, 10.3 cents, is higher than the average for these studios, 
but the reason for this can not be definitely stated, since the diet 

I Bull. 221 | 



40 

shows little variety, and there is no item in particular which seems 
to have caused the difference. In proportion to the protein and. 
energy furnished, the cost is also above the average for the studies 
here reported. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 612. 

Dietary study No. 612 was made with a family of five persons. 
The father and son were both wage-earners, their combined wage 
amounting to about $9 per week. The older woman also earned 
some money by knitting. 

The study began December 7, 1902. The ages and weights of the 
several members of the family, and the number of meals taken by 
each, are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 54 years, weight 150 pounds 42 

Man, age 54 years, weight 140 pounds 42 

Woman, age 54 years, weight 140 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Woman, age 17 years, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 33 

Girl, age 5 months, weight 13 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 164 

Equivalent to 1 man for 55 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 612. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro " Fat 
tein. 1 * az - 


Carbohy- Fuel 
drates. j value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shank, 23 pounds, $1.15 (3) 


Dollars. 
1.15 

1.45 
.50 


Cents. 
2.1 

2.6 
.9 


Grams. Grams. 

40 ; 11 

30 67 
17 


Grams. 


Calorics. 
258 


Pork: Chuck ribs, 26 pounds, $1.30 (8); lard, 1.5 




716 


Butter, 2.5 pounds, 50 cents (21) . . . 




151 














Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 8.5 pounds, 10 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 38 pounds, 91 cents (37) 

Sugar, starches, etc.: Molasses, 12 pounds, 30 
cents (43); sugar, granulated, 4 pounds, 24 cents 
(45) 

Vegetables: Sweet potatoes, 15 per cent refuse, 
50 pounds, 50 cents (68); turnips, 7 pounds, 4 
cents (71) 



3.10 



5.6 



i)5 



Total vegetable food. 



Total food . 
Food wasted 



Food actually eaten. 



.01 


1.8 


37 


6 


290 


.54 


1.0 


2 




102 


.54 


1.0 


7 


3 


99 



2.09 



3.8 



46 



491 



5.19 



9.4 



116 

1 



104 

9 



102 



484 



1,125 



1,361 
416 
451 



3,353 
50 



3.303 



The above table indicates that this family received a diet costing 
9.4 cents per man per day, which probably yielded a sufficient amount 
of protein and energy to correspond with their muscular activity, the 
protein and energy being proportioned almost exactly to the dietary 

[Bull. 221] 



41 

standard. Only ten articles of food were used during the two weeks, 
showing plainly the extreme simplicity of the diet. Tins study more 
nearly approaches the ordinary dietary as regards the proportions 
of protein and energy derived from animal and vegetable food than 
any other here reported. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 613. 

This study was made with the family of a sawmill operative. From 
data reported it is evident that they were poor, but economical and 
industrious. They occupied a two-room house, which they rented 
for S2 per month. 

The study began December 22. 1902. The data concerning the 
members of the family, their ages, weights, and the number of meals 
taken by each, are given below: 

Meals. 

Man. age 32 years, weight 160 pounds 42 

Woman, age 27 years, weight 120 pounds (42 meals \ 0.S meal of 

man I . equivalent to 34 

Woman, age 64 years, weight 150 pounds (42 meals X 0.S meal oi 

man . equivalent to 33 

Girl, age 7 years, weight 40 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man . 

equivalent to 21 

Total number of meals equivalent to 130 

Equivalent to 1 man for 43 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 61. 



Food consumed during the entire studv 14 davs 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cost. 



Cost. 



Pro- 
tein. 



Fat. 



Carbohy- Fuel 
value. 



aXTMaL food. 



Pork: Lard. 3.75 pounds. 3S cents , L2 : salt. fat. Dollars. 

3 pounds. 30 cents .14; 0. 68 

Butter. 3 pounds. 60 cents 21 .60 

Buttermilk. 19 pounds. 12 cents 25 .12 

Milk, skimmed. IS pounds. 14 cents 31 .14 

Total animal food 1. 54 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal. 13 pounds. 16 cents 33 : 

flour, wheat. 24 pounds. 5S cents 37 .74 

starches, etc.: Molasses. 1.5 pounds. 5 
cents i,43); sugar, granulated. 2 pounds. 12 cents 

45 .17 

ibtes: Cabbage. 7 pounds. 14 cents " 
cowpeas. Clay, dried. 2 pounds. 6 cents 

peas, canned. 5 pounds 30 cents 99 .50 

Fr.iits.etc: Huckleberries. canned, 4 pounds. 28 
cents iS5); watermelon preserves. 4 pounds. 40 
cents | S9i 



1.6 
1.4 



Grams. Grams. 

3 03 

1 26 

o 1 

6 1 



Grams. 



91 



Bull. 



:: 



Calories^ 

5i3 

235 

61 



8 



1,367 
128 
129 
161 



Total vegetable food. . 


. 


. - 


44 


10 


- 


78£ 






Total food 




v. 4 




101 
1 


- 


2.727 


Food wasted 


■ 










Food actuall v eaten 


3.63 


S. 4 


• 


100 


- 


_ 32 







42 

The table shows a diet considerably varied in kind, but very small 
as regards amounts of protein and energy furnished. The cost is 
slightly below the average. The amount of protein furnished is 
unquestionably much lower than that found in other studies of 
families under similar conditions. The amounts of nutrients wasted, 
1 gram protein, 1 gram fat, and 8 grams carbohydrates per man per 
day are very small. It may be that for some reason the diet was 
lower than usual during the period of the study, and that these 
figures do not represent the normal food supply. If they are correct, 
the family must have been decidedly undernourished. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 614. 

This study was made with the family of a railroad section hand. 
Their income was $1 per day. They paid $2.50 per month rent for 
the small three-room house which they occupied. They dressed 
poorly and saved no money. 

The study began December 22, 1902. The usual data concerning 
the members of the family, and the number of meals taken, are given 
below : 

Meals. 

Man, age 21 years, weight 150 pounds 42 

Woman, age 21 years, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man) , equivalent to 34 

Two women (4 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 3 

Boy, age 2 years, weight 39 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Total number of meals equivalent to 96 

Equivalent to 1 man for 32 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No*. 614. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cost. 



Cost. 



Pro- 
tein. 



Fat. 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



Fuel 
value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Chuck ribs, 4 pounds, 20 cents (8); lard, 
1 pound, 10 cents (12); salt, fat, 2 pounds, 20 
cents (14); sausage, 6.5 pounds, 65 cents (16) .. 

Eggs, 0.5 pound, 5 cents (20) 

Butter, 2.5 pounds, 50 cents (21) 

Buttermilk, 15 pounds, 9 cents (25) 

Milk, skimmed, 4 pounds, 3 cents (31) 

Total animal food 

[Bull. 221] 



Dollars. 
1.15 
.05 
.50 
.09 
.03 



Cents. 

3.6 

.2 

1.5 

.3 

.1 



1.82 



Grams. 
21 

1 
1 
6 



Grams. Grams. 

93 

1 

29 

1 7 
3 

124 10 



Calories. 

911 
13 

262 
61 
20 



1.267 



43 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 614 — Continued. 

„ , , , . ., „ . . ., , 1, r ^,^^ Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 

Food consumed during the entire study Cli days). ' man day ^ 



Kinds and amounts. Cost. Cost. T -[£~ Fat. 



Carbohy- Fuel 
drates. value. 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal. 17 pounds. 20 cents (33); Dollars. Cents. Grams. Grams. Grams. Calories. 

flour, wheat. IS pounds. 43 cents (37) 0.63 -2.0 44 13 357 1.720 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated. 3 

pounds, IS cents (45) .18 .5 j 43 172 

Vegetables: Beans, dried, 3.5 pounds, IS cents 
4^ : cucumber pickles, 0.5 pound, 5 cents 

potatoes, 23 per cent refuse, 13 pounds, 16 

cents (62): sweet potatoes. 25 per cent refuse. 

16 pounds, 16 cents (6S) .55 1.7 16 



104 49S 



Total vegetable food 


1.36 1 


4.2 


60 


15 


504 


2.390 






Total food 


3. IS j 


9.9 


91 
3 


139 

2 


514 
17 


3.657 




9S 












3.18 


9.9 


88 


» 


497 


3.559 







The diet of this family as shown above is rather low in protein 
and high in energy, i. e.. it is not a well-balanced diet. This peculi- 
arity is more freqnently noticed in the southern than in the northern 
States, and is probably due to the quantities of salt pork consumed. 
In this study, for example, pork furnished 6S per cent of the fat of 
the total food. The cost of the diet is not far from the average for 
this group of studies. The protein consumption is below the stand- 
ard for man at light to moderate muscular work. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 615. 

This dietary study was made with a family of six, a man,, wife, 
three girls, and an infant. The father was a bricklayer, but could 
not get work at his regular trade. He did work of any kind, earning 
on the average about 75 cents per day. They owned the house in 
which they lived and raised on their land some vegetables for their 
own use. Nearly all their food was cooked by frying. 

This study began January o. 1903. The members of the family. 
with ages, weights, and number of meals taken, were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 24 year.-, weight 160 pounds 42 

Woman, age 26 years, weight 120 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man >, equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 6 years, weight 70 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Girl, age 4 years, weight 46 pounds 1 42 meals X 0.4 meal of man . 

equivalent to 17 

Girl, age 2 years, weight 30 pounds I 12 meals X 0.4 meal of man . 

equivalent to 17 

Man. visitor 1 

Girl, visitor, age 11 years | 1 meal X0.6 meal of man >, equivalent to. I 

Total number of meals equivalent to 133 

Equivalent to 1 man for 4 l days. 
[Bull. 221 ] 



44 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No 


615. 




Food consumed during the entire study (14 daj's). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Chuck ribs, 3 pounds, 15 cents (8); lard, 
2.5 pounds, 25 cents (12); salt, fat, 2 pounds, 
20 cents (14) 


Dollars. 

0.60 

.40 


Cents. 

1.4 

.9 


Grams. 
6 


Grams. 
49 
17 


Grams. 


Calories. 
460 






151 








1.00 


2.3 


6 


66 




611 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 10 pounds, 12 cents (33); 


.96 

.39 
.05 


2.2 

.9 

.1 


44 

2 
1 


8 


348 

85 
10 


1,639 
348 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 9 pounds, 27 
cents (43); sugar, granulated, 2 pounds, 12 


Vegetables: Sweet potatoes, 30 per cent refuse, 
5 pounds, 5 cents (68) 


44 










1.40 


3.2 47 


8 


443 


2 031 






Total food 


2.40 


5-5 


53 

1 


74 


443 
3 


2,642 


Food wasted 


16 












2.40 


5.5 


52 


74 


440 


2,626 





From the above table it will be seen that the amounts of nutrients 
consumed were protein 52 grams, fat 74 grams, and carbohydrates 
440 grams, with a total of 2,626 calories of energy. The cost, 5.5 cents', 
is extremely small. It is not to be wondered that even using the 
cheapest foods this family was unable to procure more nourishment at 
so small a cost. 

The waste was very small, even for these studies, showing that 
almost nothing of food value was unused. 

The 40 cents spent for butter in this study might perhaps have been 
more advantageously spent for dried beans, which would have 
increased the protein considerably. 

So far as can be judged from other dietaries, the nutrients and 
energy consumed by this family were insufficient for their bodily 
needs; nevertheless, the weights given for all the children are notice- 
ably above the normal. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 616. 

This study was made with a day laborer's family. Both the 
parents contributed to the support of the family, their combined 
income being about $6 per week. They raised a considerable quantity 
of vegetables, which helped to reduce their food expense. They also 
raised some chickens and kept a pig. The house, for which the 
family paid $2 per month rent, had but two rooms. 

The study began January 5, 1903. The members of the family, 
with ages, weights, and number of meals taken, follow. 

[Bull. 221] 



45 



Man., age 53 years, weight 160 pounds 42 

Woman, age 53 years, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man . 

equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 11 years, weight 75 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man . 

equivalent to 25 

Boy. age 4 years, weight 38 pounds '42 meals X 0.4 meal of man . 

equivalent to 17 

Total number of meals equivalent to 118 

Equivalent to 1 man for 39 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 616. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days \ 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shoulder clod. 2 pounds. 20 cents (4) 

Pork: Chuck ribs. 4 pounds. 20 cents (8); lard. 
2 pounds. 20 cents (12): sausage. 1 pound. 10 
cents (16) - 


Dollars. 
0.20 

.50 
.10 
.05 


Cents. 

0.5 

1.3 
.3 
.1 


Grams. 

4 

8 
6 
2 


Grams. 
1 

41 
1 


Gra 


ms. 

4 


Calorie---. 
25 

397 






24 








. 'sS 


2.2 


20 


43 


10 


503 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal. S pounds. 10 cents (33): 


1.06 
. 55 


2. 7 
1.4 


54 

9 


9 

1 


423 

45 


1,988 


Vegetables: Beans, dried. 2 pounds. 10 cents 48 ; 
potatoes. 38 per cent refuse. 6.5 pounds. S cents 
(62): pumpkin. 29 pounds. 29 cents (63 : sweet 
potatoes. 3S per cent refuse. S pounds. S cents 
(68) 


237 




1.61 


4.1 


63 


10 


471 


2, 225 






Total food 


2.46 


6.3 


S3 
2 


53 

1 


4S1 

9 


2. 72S 




53 












2.46 


6.3 


SI 


52 


472 


2.675 











From the above table it appears that the food eaten yielded per 
man per da}' 81 grams protein. 52 grams fat. and 472 grams carbo- 
hydrates, with a fuel value of 2.675 calories. The energy figure is 27 
per cent below the average for these studies. It therefore appears 
evident that this family was insufficiently nourished in respect to 
energy. 

The cost is very low. and the diet shows very little variation. It 
would appear that the expenditure of 20 cents for pumpkin, which 
furnished only a very small amount of nutriment, was unwise if 
strict economy was necessary. 



DIETARY STUDY No. 617. 

This dietary study was made with a woman and her daughter, who 
were supported mainly by the labor of the daughter. ;i factory hand. 
They were apparently industrious people, and though the mother did 

[Bull. -2-21] 



not do outside work, she had the care of the live stock, pigs, ducks, 
chickens, and cows, which probably contributed considerably toward 
the support of the family. The family occupied a four-room house, for 
which they paid a monthly rental of $2. 

This study began January 7, 1903. The number of meals taken by 
these people, together with their ages and weights, are given below: 

Meals. 
Woman, age 47 years, weight 140 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 14 years, weight 120 pounds (42 meals X 0.7 meal of man), 

equivalent to 29 

Total number of meals equivalent to 63 

Equivalent to 1 man for 21 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 617 . 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Shoulder, 1 pound, 13 cents (10); lard, 2 
pounds, 20 cents (12); salt, fat, 1 pound, 10 
cents (14); sausage, 0.5 pound, 8 cents (16) 

Butter, 1 pound, 20 cents (21) 


Dollars. 

0.51 

.20 


Cents. 
2.4 
1.0 


Grams. 
6 


Grams. 
70 
18 


Grams. 


Calories. 
647 




160 








Total animal fonr| 


.71 


3.4 


6 


88 




807 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 5 pounds, 6 cents (33); flour, 


.64 
.12 
.08 

.62 


3.0 
.6 
.4 

2.9 


60 


10 


475 
43 
35 

77 


2,229 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 2 


172 


Vegetables: Sweet potatoes, 25 per cent refuse, 


2 

2 


1 

1 


157 


Fruits, etc. : Jelly, apple, 2 pounds, 20 cents (76); 
blackberries, canned, 3 pounds, 21 cents (78); 
peaches, canned, 3 pounds, 21 cents (88) 


325 




1.46 


6.9 


64 


12 


630 


2,883 






Total food... 


2.17 


10.3 


70 

1 


100 
1 


630 
8 


3,690 




45 












. 2.17 


10.3 


69 


99 


622 


3,645 







The above table shows that the nutrients and energy consumed 
by this family amounted to 69 grams protein, 99 grams fat, and 622 
grams carbohydrates, with a fuel value of 3,645 calories of energy. 
The cost was equivalent to 10.3 cents per man per day. From these 
results it will be seen that the proportion of nutrients derived from 
the food was small as compared with the outlay. A comparison of 
these data with the standard or with the average for these studies 
indicates that this family did not receive sufficient protein for their 
bodily needs. The amount of energy was comparatively high and 
was in all probability amply sufficient. 

[Bull. 221] 



47 

DIETARY STUDY No. 618. 

Dietary study No. 618 was made with two persons, a boy and his 
grandmother. Neither had any particular occupation. The only 
regular income winch thev seemed to have had was a small sum 
from the rental of a little house and lot owned by the grandmother. 
They were very poor. 

The study began January 12, 1903. The ages and weights of the 
subjects, together with the number of meals taken by each, are given 
below : 

Meals. 
Boy, age 15 years, weight 90 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 34 

"Woman, age 67 years, weight 170 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 34 

Total number of meals equivalent to 68 

Equivalent to 1 man for 23 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 618. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


p„ + |Carbohy- 
- tat - drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


AXIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 1 pound, 10 cents (12); salt, fat, 2 
pounds, 20 cents (14); sausage, 2 pounds, 20 


Dollars. 

0.50 

.20 

.01 

.03 


Cents. 

2.2 

.9 

.T 


Grams. 
8 

1 

3 


Grams. 
67 
16 


Grams. 


Calories. 
628 


Butter, 1 pound, 20 cents (21) 




142 




1 


8 


Milk, skimmed, 4 pounds, 3 cents (31) 


' 4 


28 






Total animal food 


.74 


3.2 


12 


83 5 


806 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 17 pounds, 20 cents (33); 
hominy, 7 pounds. 7 cents (34); flour, wheat, 
K5 pounds, 38 cents (37) 


.65 
.06 
.07 


2.8 
.3 
.3 


68 

1 

7 


18 

1 


576 

27 
19 


2,736 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 2 pounds, 6 
cents (43) 


112 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 1 pound, 2 cents (51); 
cowpeas, Clay, dried, 1. 5 pounds, 5 cents (55). . . 


113 


Total vegetable food 


.78 


3.4 


76 


19 622 


2,961 




Total food 


1.52 


6.6 


88 
5 


102 i 627 
3 -29 


3,767 
162 


Food wasted 










Food actuallv eaten 


1.52 


6.6 


83 


99 59S 


3.605 











From the above table it will be seen that the articles of food con- 
sumed during the time of this study were extremely few. The cost, 
6.6 cents per day, was very small. It seems fairly certain that the 
energy value is too high and the protein value slightly low for the 
bodily activity of the subjects, though they probably did but slight 
muscular work. 

[Bull. 221] 



48 

DIETARY STUDY No. 619. 

This study was made with a widow and her four children. Not 
much is known of their income or activity, or their condition in 
general. 

The study began January 12, 1903. The following data give the 
character of the several members of the family, with the number of 
meals taken by each member: 

Meals. 
Woman, age 29 years, weight 135 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 8 years, weight 65 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 6 years, weight 45 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Girl, age 4 years, weight 39* pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Girl, age 1 year, weight 15 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 106 

Equivalent to 1 man for 35 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 619. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 1 pound, 10 cents (12) 


Dollars. 
0.10 


Cents. 
0.3 


Grams. 


Grams. 
13 


Grams. 


Calories. 
116 












.10 


.3 ' 


13 




116 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 10 pounds, 12 cents (33); 
hominy, 2 pounds, 2 cents (34); rolled oats, 3 
pounds, 15 cents (35); flour, wheat, 36 pounds, 
86 cents (37) 


1.15 
.31 

.24 


J 

3.3 1 65 
.9 2 


13 
1 


495 
84 

37 


2,356 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 5 pounds, 13 
cents (43); sugar, granulated. 3 pounds, 18 cents 
(45) 


344 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 3 pounds, 6 cents (51); 
onions, 0.5 pound, 1 cent (57); parsnips, 2 
pounds, 2cents (60): sweet potatoes, 25 per cent 
refuse, 8 pounds, 8 cents (68); turnips, 14 pounds 
7 cents (71) 




4 


172 










1.70 


4.9 


71 


14 1 616 


2,872 






Total food 


1.80 


5.2 


71 
1 


27 
1 


616 
9 


2,988 


Food wasted 


49 














1.80 


5.2 


70 


26 j 607 


2,939 







The table above shows the total expenditure for the two weeks of 
this study to have been $1.80, or 5.2 cents per man per day. Only 
three studies of this series surpass this one in the cheapness of the 
food. This family were practically vegetarians at the time of the 



[Bull. 221] 



49 

study, the only animal food consumed being 1 pound of lard. 
Their diet might be compared with that in other studies with vege- 
tarians, though the latter adopted their peculiar food from choice 
and this family mainly from necessity. The weight of the older 
children is not far from normal, but the baby is noticeably under- 
weight. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 620. 

This study was made with the family of a day laborer, but the 
nature of his work is not stated. His wife helped to support the 
family by sewing, for which she received a few dollars per month. 
One of the boys worked in a sawmill, earning $1 a day. They owned 
the house which they occupied. 

This study began February 2, 1903. The usual data concerning 
the family are given below : 

Meals. 

Man, age 31 years, weight 150 pounds 42 

Woman, age 48 years, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 34 

Woman, age 31 years, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 14 years, weight 85 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 33 

Girl, age 7 years, weight 50 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Girl, age 6 years, weight 60 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Girl, age 4 years, weight 38 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Boy, age 5 months, weight 18 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Woman, visitor (6 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 5 

Total number of meals equivalent to 220 

Equivalent to 1 man for 73 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 620. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shoulder clod, 2 pounds, 20 cents (4) 

Pork: Lard, 5 pounds, 50 cents (12); salt, fat, 
11.5 pounds, 81.15 (.14) 


Dollars. 
0.20 

1.65 
.20 

.15 


Cents. 
0.3 

2.2 
.3 
.2 


Grams. 
2 

6 


Grams. 

1 

83 
5 

1 


Grams. 


Calories. 
17 

763 


Butter, 1 pound, 20 cents (21) 


5 


44 


Buttermilk, 24 pounds, 15 cents (25) 


45 






Total animal food 


2.20 


3.0 


12 


90 


5 


869 







«U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Buls. 107 and 132. 
9180— Bull. 221—09 4 



50 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 620 — Continued. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



Kinds and amounts. 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 24 pounds, 29 cents (33); 
horninv, 5 pounds, 5 cents (34): flour, wheat, 
73 pounds. SI. 75 (,37) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 10 
pounds, 60 cents (45) 

Vegetables: Cabbage, 10 pounds, 20 cents (51); 
onions, 10 pounds, 18 cents (57); potatoes, 40 
per cent refuse, 16 pounds, 20 cents (62); sauer- 
kraut, 4 pounds, 8 cents (67); sweet potatoes, 
30 per cent refuse, 8 pounds, 8 cents (68); to- 
matoes, canned, 4 pounds, 20 cents (70); tur- 
nips, 4 pounds, 2 cents (71) 

Fruits, etc.: Blackberries, canned, 15 pounds, 
SI. 05 (78); huckleberries, canned, 4 pounds, 8 
cents (85); peaches, canned, 10 pounds, 70 cents 
(88); watermelon preserves, 2 pounds, 20 cents 
(89) 



Total vegetable food . 



Total food 
Food wasted 



Cost. 



Dollars. 
2.09 



■60 



Food actuallv eaten. 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Cost. 



Pro- 
tein. 



Fat Carb °hy- 
J?ax - ! drates. 



Fuel 
value. 



Cents. 
2.9 



96 



2.03 



1.3 



Grams. Grams. 
60 11 



10.8 



10.8 



Grams. 
476 



104 
1 



103 



Calories. 
2,242 



248 



33 



643 



648 
13 



635 



161 



310 



2, 961 



3,830 
65 



3,765 



The table above shows that this family received a diet of much 
greater variety than the most of those reported in this series. Par- 
ticularly is this true of the vegetables and fruits, which represent 
38 per cent of the total expenditure for food. The food supplied 
77 grams protein, 103 grams fat, 635 grams of carbohydrates, and 
3,765 calories of energy per man per day. These figures show a one- 
sided diet with high energy and low protein values. This condition 
could apparently have been much improved by the purchase of more 
meats, such as round steaks, and of less fruit, though undoubtedly 
fruits are healthful, if expensive foods. It seems very certain that 
the diet supplied sufficient energy but insufficient protein. The 
cost, 10.8 cents per man per day, is somewhat above the average for 
these studies. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 621. 

Dietary study No. 621 was made with the family of a man engaged 
in two separate occupations, namely, farming, which occupied about 
half the year, and teaching school the balance of his time. His 
income from farming is unknown. During the months in which he 
taught school his salary was $23 per month. 

The study began November 24, 1902. The members of the family, 
with ages, weights, and number of meals taken, are as follows. 

[Bull. 221] 



51 

Meals. 

Man. age 23. weight 145 pounds 42 

Woman, age 21. weight 120 pounds '42 meals X 0.8 meal :: man 

equivalent to 34 

Three men. visitors S 

7 women, visitors (3 meals X 0.S meal of man . equivalent to 2 

Girl, visitor, age 14 years 1 meal X 0.7 meal of man . equivalent to. 1 

Girl, visitor, age 12 years 1 meal X 0.6 meal of man . equivalent to. 1 

Total number of meals equivalent to SS 

Equivalent to 1 man for 29 days. 

TT> . - - : : " . .; 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



I n utrients. and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 



::■=:. 



Cost. 



Pro- 



7:-:. 



CiT v :^7- Fuel 
drates. value. 



.o -:•:..:. j : . 



Butter. 3.25 pounds. ^5 cents 21)... 

M D -:. 10 pounds, 25 cents (24) 

Bunermilk, 30 pounds. 19 cents (25) . 

Total animal food 



■'i tZi^biz ?:::■. 

Cereals: Commeal.24pounds,29eents(33): rice, 

1 pound, 6 cents (36); flour, wheat. 20 pounds. 
^ :-_:s l' 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulate i . 
pounds. 15 cents (45) 

Vegetables: Beans, dried. 2 pounds, 10 cents (48); 
beans, pickled, 6.5 pounds. 33 cents (49): beets.- 
pickled. 1 pound, 5 cents (50): cabbage. 11 
po m -- : "_ : : ; 25 pound. 1 
cent (57); potatoes. 13 percent refuse. 2 pounds. 
Scents : 

Fruits, etc.: Gooseberries, canned. 0.25 pound, 

2 cents (S3): peaches, canned, 12 pounds. ^4 
cents (88) 

Total vegetable food 



Total food. 
Food wasted 



i) :::—••. 


Cents. 


0.65 ; 




.- 


.9 


.19 





Grams. Gram-*. 
1 



Gram-?. 



"5 

96 

147 



1.09 


■: v 


-'■ 


- 


_ 


-. 


S: 


29 


61 


19 


- 




.15 


.5 






39 


156 


74 


2.5 


11 


1 


40 


... 


V 


3.0 


1 




21 


SS 


g jj jj 




73 


20 


603 




I " 


12. 7 


3 


: 


_- 


105 









Food actuallv eaten. 



: ' 12 



The nutrients daily consumed by this family during the time of 
this study were as follows: Protein 90 grams, fat 69 grams, and car- 
bohydrates 606 grams. The fuel value was. therefore. 3,398 calo- 
ries. The cost, as compared with the other studies, is about 4 cents 
above the average. The waste in this study, though not large as 
compared with studies in other localities, is somewhat larger than the 
average of these studies. Considering the comparatively light mus- 
cular work probably done by both the man and the woman, the pro- 
tein was probably nearly adequate to their needs, and the energy 
perhaps excessive. 
[Bui: _. 



52 



DIETARY STUDY No. 622. 

Dietary study No. 622 reports the results of a study with a farmer's 
family, living near the Smoky Mountains. At the time of the study 
the man was not working on the farm, but was in a sawmill. From 
the data reported, it would appear that this man owned a consider- 
able tract of lumber and some stock. He and his wife are described 
as industrious, hard-working people. Their income is not known. 

This study began December 9, 1902. The usual data pertaining 
to the family are summarized as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 35 years, weight 165 pounds 42 

Woman, age 35 years, weight 115 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 10 years, weight 65 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Boy, age 8 years, weight 50 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 6 years, weight 40 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 2 years, weight 30 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to ^ 17 

Man, visitor 2 



Total number of meals equivalent to 162 

Equivalent to 1 man for 54 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 622. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates' 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork, salt, fat, 16.75 pounds, §1.68 (14) 


Dollars. 
1.68 
.10 
1.45 


Cents. 

3.1 

.2 

2.7 


Grams. 
11 

i6~ 


Grams. 
103 

4 
17 


Grams. 


Calories. 
961 


Butter, 0.5 pound, 10 cents (21) . . 




35 


Milk, 58 pounds, §1.45 (24) 


25 


315 








3.23 


6.0 


27 


124 


25 


1,311 




VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereal, corn meal, 77 pounds, 92 cents (33) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 5 pounds, 15 
cents, (43)... 


.92 
.15 

1.65 


1.7 
.3 

3.0 


49 

1 

31 


27 
5 


426 
29 

189 


2,140 
120 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 13 pounds, 65 cents 
(48); beets, pickled, 5 pounds, 25 cents (50); 
sauerkraut, 9 pounds, 18 cents (67); sweet po- 
tatoes, 13 per cent refuse, 57 pounds, 57 cents 
(68) 


925 






Total vegetable food 


2.72 


5.0 


81 


32 


644 


3,185 






Total food 


5.95 


11.0 


108 


156 
1 


669 
15 


4,496 


Food wasted 


73 










Food actually eaten ' 


5.95 


11.0 


107 


155 


654 


4,423 



The amounts of nutrients and energy consumed during the time 
of this study were 107 grams protein, 155 grams fat, 654 grams car- 
bohydrates, and 4,423 calories of energy. It seems not unlikely that 
the excess of energy was consumed by the man, whose work may 



[Bull. 221] 



53 

have been quite severe, and that the protein may have been slightly 
low. 

The nutritive value of the diet as compared with the other studies 
made here, is much above the average. The cost, 11 cents, is also 
above the average for these studies, and seems especially high when 
it is realized that there was almost no variety in the diet. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 623. 

Dietary study No. 623 was made with the family of a miller. They 
own the property on which they live, and also the gristmill. A part 
of the land is rented, a certain proportion of the crop being paid in 
place of rent. Their income is not stated. 

The study began January 3, 1903. The members of the family, 
with ages, weights, and number of meals taken, are given below: 



Man, age 38, weight 180 pounds 

Woman, age 29 years, weight 110 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 

Woman, age 25 years, weight 150 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 

Man, visitor 

Woman, visitor 

Boy, visitor, age 15 years 
Boy, visitor, age 14 years 



Meals. 
37 

34 

34 



(3 meals X 0.8 meal of man) equiva- 
lent to 



Total number of meals equivalent to 112 

Equivalent to 1 man for 37 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 623. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 
Cost. 


nutrient 

mi 

Pro- 
tein. 


;, and fu 
m per ds 


el value of 

Carbohy- 
drates. 


food per 


Kinds and amou-nts. 


Cost. 


Fat. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Salt, fat, 13.5 pounds, $1.35 (14); sausage, 
4 pounds, 40 cents (16) 


Dollars. 
1.75 
.80 
.85 
.03 


Cents. 
4.7 
2.2 
2.3 
.1 


Grams. 
19 

1 
13 

2 


Grams. 
144 
41 
15 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1,358 


Butter, 4 pounds, 80 cents (21) 




369 


Milk, 34 pounds, 85 cents (24) 


21 
2 


269 


Buttermilk, 4 pounds, 3 cents (25) 


16 






Total animal food 


3.43 


9.3 


35 


200 


23 


2,012 




VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 38 pounds, 46 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 16 pounds, 38 cents (37) 


.84 
.15 

.„ 

.11 


2.2 
.4 

2.1 
.3 


55 


22 


460 
15 

126 
9 


2,256 
60 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Honey, 1.5 pounds, 15 
cents (42) 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 18 pounds, 36 cents (51); 
parsnips, 1 pound, 1 cent (60); pumpkin, 
dried, 1 pound, 5 cents (64); sweet potatoes, 
11 per cent refuse, 35 pounds, 35 cents (68) 

Fruits, etc.: Apples, dried, 1 pound, 5 cents (74); 
gooseberries, canned, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (83); 
grapes, canned, 0.5 pound, 4 cents (84) 


11 


3 


575 
36 










Total vegetable food 


1.87 


5.0 


66 


25 


610 


2,927 






Total food 


5.30 


14.3 


101 
2 


225 
1 


633 
17 


4,939 

85 


Food wasted 










Food actually eaten 


5.30 


14.3 


99 


224 


616 


4,854 





[Bull. 221] 



54 

The table above shows that the food consumption of this family, 
on the per man per day basis, was 99 grams protein, 224 grams fat, 
and 616 grams carbohydrates, with a fuel value of 4,854 calories. 
This amount of energy is extremely high, not only as compared with 
the average of these studies, but also as compared with studies in 
other localities. The protein is above the average for these studies. 
The cost, 14.3 cents, is, with but two exceptions, the maximum for 
these studies. 

It is noticeable in this study that while 65 per cent of the total 
amount paid for food was expended for animal food, the protein and 
energy obtained were only 35 and 41 per cent, respectively, of the 
total. This was due largely to the amount of butter consumed. 
Corn meal and salt pork were the two principal foods. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 624. 

This study was made with a farmer's family. From the data 
reported it would appear that they were respectable, hard-working 
people. They owned some live stock, and were apparently in fair 
circumstances as compared with other families in this series. Their 
house, however, appears to have been of the simplest. 

The study began January 3, 1903. The usual data concerning the 
family, and the number of meals taken by each, are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 47 years, weight 135 pounds 40 

Man, age 18 years, weight 175 pounds 40 

Man, age 23 years, weight 140 pounds 39 

Woman, age 45 years, weight 140 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Woman, age 23 years, weight 122 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 14 years, weight 80 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 33 

Girl, age 12 years, weight 75 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Boy, age 9 years, weight 60 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 7 years, weight 60 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 5 years, weight 45 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Girl, age 2 years, weight 25 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Three men, visitors 3 

Two women, visitors (2 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 2 

Total number of meals equivalent to 326 

Equivalent to 1 man for 108 days. 
LBull. 221] 



55 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 624. 



Food consumed daring the entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cost. 



Cost. 



Pro- 



AXIiXAL FOOD. 

'Pork: Shoulder, salt, 23.5 pounds, S2.35 (15); 

sausage, 5.5 pounds, 55 cents (16) 

Butter. 4 pounds, 80 cents (21) 

Milk. 114 pounds, 82.85 (24) 

Buttermilk, 93 pounds. 58 cents (25) 



P t Carbohy- Fuel 
drates. value. 



Dollars. 
2.90 

.80 
2.85 

.58 



Cents. 
2.7 



2.7 
.5 



Grams. 
15 



Grams. 
43 

14 

17 



Grams. Calorks. 

] 443 

124 

25 311 

13 118 





7.13 


6.6 


42 


76 


3S 


996 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 122 pounds, S1.46 (33); flour, 
wheat, 20 pounds. 4S cents (37) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 2.5 pounds, 8 
cents (43) 


1.94 
.08 

1.30 

.92 


1.8 

1.2 
.8 


« 


22 


403 

84 
21 


1,996 
28 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 8.5 pounds, 43 cents 
(48); cabbage, 10.5pounds, 21 cents (51); pota- 
toes, 10 per cent refuse, 5 pounds, 6 cents (62); 
sauerkraut, 2.25 pounds, 5 cents (67); sweet 
potatoes, 11 per cent refuse, 53 pounds, 53 cents 
(66); turnips, 3 pounds, 2 cents (71) 

Fruits, etc.: Apples, 10 pounds, 20 cents (73); 
apples, dried, 4 pounds, 20 cents (74); apple 
butter, 2 pounds, 20 cents (77); grapes, canned, 


12 
1 


2 

1 


402 
97 






Total vegetable food 


4.24 


3.9 


60 


25 


515 


2.523 






Total food 


11.37 


10.5 


102 

1 


101 


553 
6 


3,519 




28 










Food actuallv eaten 


11.37 


10.5 


101 


101 


547 


3,491 







The diet of this family furnished 101 grams protein, 101 grams 
fat, 547 grams carbohydrates, and 3,491 calories of energy per man 
per day. The cost was 10.5 cents. From what is known of the 
conditions of this family, it seems fair to suppose that they had as 
much food as they desired. It would be expected that in the winter 
season, when this study was made, the muscular .work of the men 
would be less than in the farming season. Inasmuch, however, as 
the observer speaks particularly of the family as being hard workers, 
it may be that the protein and energy furnished by the diet were no 
more than adequate. Compared with those observed in many of 
the other studies, they are generous. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 625. 

Dietary study Xo. 625 was made with the family of a farmer. His 
income is not known; he owned considerable live stock. 

The study began January 24, 1903. The members of the family, 
with ages, weights, and number of meals taken, are as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 48 years, weight 180 pounds 42 

Woman, age 40 years, weight 140 pounds (35 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 28 

Girl, age 16 years, weight 135 pounds (29 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 23 

[Bull. 221 I 



56 



Meals. 
Boy, age 13 years, weight 100 pounds {41 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 33 

Boy, age 11 years, weight 80 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Boy, age 7 years, weight 50 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Girl, age 2 years, weight 25 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Man, visitor 1 

Woman, visitor (1 meal X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 1 

Total number of meals equivalent to 191 

Equivalent to 1 maa for 64 days. 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 


625. 




Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates*. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Salt, fat, 27 pounds, $2.70 (14) ... . 


Dollars. 

2.70 

1.10 

2.83 

.30 


Cents. 

4.2 

1.7 

4.4 

.5 


Grams. 

15 

1 

26 

10 


Grams. 

140 

32 

28 

2 


Grams. 


Calories. 

1,306 

289 


Butter, 5.5 pounds, $1.10 (21) 




Milk, 113 pounds, $2.83 (24) 


41 
12 


517 


Buttermilk, 48.5 pounds, 30 cents (25) 


106 








6.93 


10.8 


52 


202 


53 


2,218 




VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 66.5 pounds, 80 cents (33); 


1.04 
.16 

1.72 
.33 


1.7 
.2 

2.7 
.5 


42 

1 

29 


21 

4 
1 


365 

27 

166 
14 


1,815 

112 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 4 pounds, 10 
cents (43); sugar, granulated, 1 pound, 6 cents 
(45) 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 13.5 pounds, 68 cents 
(48); beans, pickled, 0.5 pound, 3 cents (49); 
cabbage, 18 pounds, 36 cents (51); potatoes, 12 
per cent refuse, 4 pounds, 5 cents (62); sauer- 
kraut, 4 pounds, 8 cents (67); sweet potatoes, 
8 per cent refuse, 52 pounds, 52 cents (68) 

Fruits, etc.: Apples, dried, 1.5 pounds, 8 cents 
(74); apples, canned, 1 pound, 10 cents (78); 
apple butter, 0.75 pound, 8 cents (77); goose- 
berries, canned, 1 pound, 7 cents (83) 


815 
65 






Total vegetable food 


3.25 


5.1 


72 


26 


572 


2,807 






Total food 


10.18 


15.9 


124 
2 


228 

1 


625 
20 


5,025 




97 








Food actually eaten 


10.18 


15.9 


122 


227 


605 


4,928 







The table above shows a ration yielding about 20 grams more 
protein than that called for by the standard for a man at moderate 
muscular work, with an amount of energy considerably above that 
required by the standard for a man at hard work. The three older 
children are considerably heavier than the majority at their ages, 
and the two younger ones are of about normal weight. If the 
children were reckoned as adults (which would perhaps be fair), the 
computed protein and energy consumption per person per day 
would be somewhat smaller. There was no doubt that this family 
was well nourished. The cost of the daily food, 15.9 cents per man 
per day, is next to the highest among these studies. The diet as 
regards vegetable food is fairly varied, but not as regards animal food. 

[Bull. 221] 



0/ 

Milk was extensively used, yielding more than 20 per cent of the 
total protein. The usual corn meal and salt pork were also used 
very largely. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 626. 

This study was made with the family of a farmer. At the time of 
this study, however, he was at work cutting timber from land which 
he owned. The home was near the Smoky Mountains. It is not 
known what the family income amounted to. 

The study began January 31, 1903. The usual data are given 
below : 

Meals. 

Man. age 23 years, weight 145 pounds 42 

Woman, age 19 years, weight 114 pounds (40 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 32 

Man. visitor 7 

Two women, visitors | 2 meals X 0.8 meal of man >, equivalent to 2 

Total number of meals equivalent to 83 

Equivalent to 1 man for 28 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 626. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). Cost - UUlrient ^£J per'dav^ ° f ^ PM 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cost. Cost. 



Pro- 



Fat. 



Carbohy- Fuel 
drates* value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 



Pork: Lard, 8.5 pounds. So cents (12;: salt, fat. 

8 pounds. 80 cents (14) 

Butter. 2.5 pounds. .50 cents (21) 

Milk. 72 pounds, f 1.80 (24) 

Buttermilk. 19.5 pounds. 12 cents (25) 



Total animal food . 



Dollars. 


Cents. 


G 


rams. 


Grams. 


G 


rams. 


Calories. 


1.65 


5.9 




10 


233 






2.114 


.50 


1.8 




1 


33 






297 


1.80 


6.4 




37 


41 




60 


753 


.12 


.4 




10 


2 




11 


102 


4.07 


14.5 




58 


309 




71 


3.266 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal. 25 pounds, 30 cents (33): 
rice, 0.25 pound. 2 cents (36): flour, wheat. IS 
pounds. 43 cents (37 ) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses. 3 pounds. 9 
cents (43); sugar, granulated, 1.5 pounds, 9 
cents (45) 

Vegetables: Beans, dried, 0.5 poimd. 2 cents 
(48): beans, pickled. 3.5 pounds. IS cents (49 >; 
cabbage. 6.5 pounds. 13 cents (51): potatoes. 
36 per cent refuse, 2.75 pounds. 3 cents (62); 
pumpkin butter, 2.5 pounds. 20 cents (65); 
sauerkraut, 1.5 pounds. 3 cents (67); turnips, 
2 pounds, 1 cent (71) 

Fruits, etc.: Apples, dried, 6.2.5 pounds, 31 
cents (74); apple butter. 2 poimds, 20 cents 
(77): blackberries, dried, 1 pound. 5 cents 
(79): citron, 0.25 pound, 3 cents (81 I; goose- 
berries, dried, 1.5 pounds. 8 cents (82); goose- 
berries, canned, 3 pounds. 21 cents (83); 
grapes, canned, 2.5 pounds, 18 cents (84): 
huckleberries, canned, 2 pounds. 14 cents (85).. 



.75 



18 



. 60 



1.20 



2.7 



20 



2.1 



4.3 3 4 



58 



24 



2.406 



129 



:,-,., 



Total vegetable food 


2.73 i 


9.7 


70 


25 


706 


3, 327 






Total food 


6.80 | 


24.2 


128 
4 


334 
2 


777 
34 


6,593 
170 


Food wasted 










Food actually eaten 


6.80 1 


24.2 


124 


332 


743 


6, 423 



[Hull. 221 ] 



58 

The ilata of the above tabic show a diet peculiar in that there was 

a considerable variety of vegetables and fruits consumed. The animal 
food, however, lacked a corresponding variety, consisting entirely of 
pork and dairy products. Some of the vegetables and fruits appear 
to be peculiar to this locality, analyses of them not having been 
heretofore reported. Such are pumpkin butter, dried blackberries, 
and gooseberries. The diet in this study furnished fully sufficient 
amounts of nutrients. The energy is very high, and represents 
the maximum for this series of studies. The cost, 24.2 cents per 
day, is also the maximum, and almost three times as high as the 
average. 

The extra cost was due to the unusual amount of fruits and vege- 
tables used, and consequently shows an increased energy rather 
than in the protein. This diet resembles those ordinarily found 
among families in comfortable circumstances more than it does the 
majority of these Tennessee studies. In fact, it differs from the 
latter in so many respects that it can hardly be considered typical 
of the region, and was not included in the averages for the series. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 627. 

This study was made with the family of a farmer, who cultivated 
some 70 acres of rented land. The family occupied a log house. 
No statement of the income or activity of the man or his family was 
obtained, but it was assumed to be about that which would ordi- 
narily be expected of a man at this occupation in the winter season, 
namely, light to moderate. 

The study began February 7, 1903, and continued for the usual 
period. The ages and weights of the subjects, and the number of 
meals taken by each, are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 31 years, weight 150 pounds 40 

Woman, age 25 years, weight 109 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 3 years, weight 35 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Girl, age 5 months, weight 16 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Four men, visitors 6 

Total number of meals equivalent to 110 

Equivalent to 1 man for 37 days. 
[Bull. 221] 



59 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 627. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cost. 



Pro- 
tein. 



Carbohy- Fuel 
drates.* value. 



AMMAL FOOD. 



Pork: Salt, fat, 4.75 pounds. 48 cents (14) 
Game: Rabbit, 0. 75 pound, 10 cents (19) . 



Dollars. 

0.48 

.10 



Cents. Grams. Grams. 

1. 3 5 42 

.3 1 1 



Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 42.5 pounds, 51 cents (33); 

rice, 1 pound, 6 cents (36) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 1 

pound, 6 cents (45) 

Vegetables: Cowpeas. Clay, dried, 5.5 pounds, 

17 cents (55): potatoes, 23 per cent refuse, 12 
pounds, 5 cents (02,); sauerkraut, 8. 75 pounds, 

18 cents (67); turnips, 21 pounds, 11 cents (71). 
Fruits, etc.: Apples, dried. 4 pounds, 20 cents 

(74) ..... 



.58 



1.6 



Grams. Calories. 

394 

13 

407 



Total vegetable food , 



Total food. 
Food wasted 



Food actually eaten. 



1.5 

.2 



1.4 
.5 



1.34 



3.6 



40 


22 


353 
12 


21 


2 


81 


1 


1 


33 



1.92 



479 



463 



48 



425 

145 



2.3S6 



2,716 



The table above shows that the diet furnished 67 grams protein, 
67 grams fat, 463 grams carbohydrates, and 2,716 calories of energy. 
These amounts are much lower than would be expected, though the 
energy furnished is much higher in proportion than the protein. The 
cost, 5.2 cents per man per day, is very low, and it is not surprising 
that for such small expenditures so little was obtained, but rather 
that this family was able on such a small amount of money to obtain 
as much nutrients and energy as they did. It will be seen from the 
table that corn meal was the principal article of food and alone fur- 
nished nearly two-thirds of the total protein and energy obtained by 
this family. As in almost all of these studies, the waste was small. 



DIETARY STUDY No. 628. 

Dietary study Xo. 628 was made with a family of seven persons. 
The father is a farmer, but did also some trucking and other job work, 
as did also one of his sons, the other son being employed in a saw- 
mill. The father did not have regular employment. Since the income 
was so irregular an accurate estimate of it is impossible. From the 
data obtained it would appear that the average total income of this 
family was about $1.25 per day. The rent paid for their home is $2 
per month. 



Bull. 



!1] 



60 



The study began February 13, 1903, and continued for fourteen 
days. The members of the family, with ages, weights, and number 
of meals taken, appear below: 

Meals. 

Man. age 47 years, weight 150 pounds 42 

Man, age 23 years, weight 140 pounds 42 

Woman, age 46 years, weight 160 pounds (42 meals X 0. 8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 12 years, weight 60 pounds (42 meals X 0. 6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Girl, age 4 years, weight 20 pounds (42 meals X 0. 4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Boy, age 17 years, weight 130 pounds 42 

Boy, age 6 years, weight 29 pounds (42 meals X 0. 5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Total number of meals equivalent to 223 

Equivalent to 1 man for 74 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 628. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, ] 


lutrient; 

] 


, and fuel value of food per 
nan per day. 


Hinds and amounts. 


Cost, 


Cost, 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Chuck, 4 pounds, 40 cents (1) 


Dollars. 
0.40 

1.60 
.60 
.23 


Cents. 
0.5 

2.2 
.8 
.3 


Grams. 
4 

8 
6~ 


Grams. 
2 

69 
15 

1 


Grams. 


Calories. 
34 


Pork: Lard, 3 pounds, 30 cents (12); salt, fat, 8 
pounds, 80 cents (14); sausage, 5 pounds, 50 
cents (16) 




646 


Butter, 3 pounds, 60 cents (21) 




133 


Buttermilk, 36 pounds, 23 cents (25) 


8 


65 






Total animal food 


2.83 


3.8 


18 


87 


8 


878 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 40 pounds, 48 cents (33); 
flonr, wheat, 48 ponnris, <?1 .1 F, (37) 


1.63 
.45 

.68 
.12 


2.2 

.6 

.9 
.2 


48 

1 

13 


13 

1 


390 
52 

44 
4 


1,868 
212 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, h pounds, 15 
cents (43); sugar, granulated, 5 pounds, 30 
cents (45) 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 6 pounds, 30 cents (48); 
cowpeas, Clay, dried, 3 pounds, 9 cents (55); 
potatoes, 30 'per cent refuse, 10 pounds, 13 
cents (62); sauerkraut, 8 pounds, 16 cents (67). 

Fruits, etc.: Peaches, dried, 1 pound. 12 cents (87) . 


237 
16 










2.88 


3.9 


62 


14 


490 


2. 333 






Total food 


5.71 


7.7 


80 
1 


101 


498 
10 


3.211 


Food wasted 


44 










Food actually eaten 


5.71 


7. 7 


79 


101 


488 


3,167 







From the table above it will be seen that the food consunied 
} T ielded 79 grams protein and 3,167 calories of energy per man per 
day. It seems fair to suppose that the energ}^ obtained approximated 
the requirements, but that the protein supplied was less than that- 
needed. Except for the 17-year-old boy the children are decidedly 
under normal weight. The waste was very small. The cost, 7.7 
cents per man per day, was 13 per cent less than the average for these 
studies. As in several other instances, pork and corn meal were pre- 
dominant in the diet. 

[Bull. 221] 



61 

DIETARY STUDY No. 629. 

Dietary study Xo. 629 was made with the family of a railroad 
employee; he was employed as a " section hand," receiving $1 per day 
for his work. The family occupied part of a very poor house, which 
had formerly been a dry kiln, paying SI per month rent. 

The study began February 13, 1903. The ages and weights of the 
members of the family, and the number of meals taken by each 
member, are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 27 years, weight 140 pounds 42 

Woman, age 30 years, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 1 year, weight 16 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 89 

Equivalent to 1 man for 30 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 629. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cost. 



Cost. 



Pro- -p T Carbohy- Fuel 
tein. drates. value. 



AXIMAL FOOD. 



Pork: Lard. 3 pounds. 30 cents (12); salt, fat, 7.5 

pounds, 75 cents (14) 

Eggs, l.o pounds. 15 cents (20) 

Buttermilk, 56 pounds, 35 cents (25) 



Dollars. 
1.05 

.15 
.35 



Cents. Grams. Grams. 

3.5 9 128 

.5 3 1 2 

1.2 25 5 



Grams. Calories. 

: i.i75 

30 

29 260 



Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 20 pounds, 24 cents (33); 

flour, wheat. 38 pounds. 91 cents (37) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 2 

pounds, 12 cents (45) 

Vegetables: Cowpeas, Clay, dried, 6.5 pounds, 20 

cents (55) 

Fruits, etc.: Apples, dried, 3.5 pounds, 18 cents 

(74) 

Total vegetable food 



1.55 



135 



1.15 


3.8 


81 


18 


.12 
.20 


.4 

. 7 






21 


2 


.18 


.6 


1 


1 



Total food. 
Food wasted 



Food actually eaten. 



3.20 



155 



29 



1.465 



646 


3.068 


30 


120 


61 


346 


35 


153 



1.65 ; 


5.5 i 


103 


21 


772 


3.687 


3.20 


.. 10 : 7 J 


140 
3 


156 j 

l ! 


801 
23 


5.152 
113 



5.039 



The data of this study as given in the table above show that the 
amounts of food consumed furnished abundant nutrients and energy 
for the maintenance of these subjects. One hundred and thirty- 
seven grams protein is a liberal allowance for persons with the mus- 
cular activity of these persons, and the energy, too, would appear to 
be sufficient. The protein supply is the maximum for these studies, 
while the energy is among the highest amounts observed. The diet 
was extremely simple, only nine articles of food (aside from condi- 

[Bull. 221] 



62 

merits) being used (hiring the entire time of this study (14 days). 
The family ate very little meat of any kind, and 59 per cent of the 
protein and 00 per cent of energy was derived from the corn meal and 
wheat flour used. The cost of the food, 10.7 cents per man per day, 
is, as compared with the nutrients received, extremely small. It 
seems that this diet, from a pecuniary standpoint at least, was very 
economical 

DIETARY STUDY No. 630. 

This study was made with two persons, a widow and her daughter. 
They occupy a three-room house, which they rent for $2.50 per 
month, and support themselves by taking in family washing, thereby 
earning about $3 per week. 

The study began October 5, 1903, and continued for the usual 
period. The age and weight of each subject, and the number of meals 
eaten, were as follows: 

Meals . 
Woman, age 41 years, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 14 years, weight 97 pounds (42 meals X 0.7 meal of man), 

equivalent to 29 

Total number of meals equivalent to 63 

Equivalent to 1 man for 21 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 630. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shoulder, clod, 2.13 pounds, 21 cents (4)... 

Pork: Lard, 2 pounds, 10 cents (12); salt, fat, 2.5 
pounds, 25 cents (14); sausage, 3.5 pounds, 35 
cents (16) 


Dollars. 
0.21 

.70 


Cents. 
1.0 

3.3 


Grams. 
9 

13 


Grams. 
2 

118 


Grams. 


Calories. 
54 




1,102 








Total animal food 


.91 


4.3 


22 


120 




1,156 










VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 12.5 pounds, 15 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 15.38 pounds, 37 cents (37) 

Vegetables: Cabbage, 2.5 pounds, 5 cents (51); 
onions, 1.5 pounds, 3 cents (57); potatoes. 29 
per cent refuse, 17 pounds, 21 cents (62); sweet 
potatoes, 25 per cent refuse, 5 pounds, 5 cents 
(68); tomatoes, 3.5 pounds, 4 cents (69) 

Fruits, etc.: Apples, 2 pounds, 4 cents (73); musk- 
melons, 5 pounds, 10 cents (86) 


.52 

.38 
.14 


2.5 

1.8 

.7 


54 
9 


15 
1 


436 

79 
10 


2.093 

361 
40 










1.04 


5.0 


63 | 16 


525 


2.494 






Total food 


1.95 


9.3 


85 | 136 
4 1 


525 
22 


3,650 
113 














Food actually eaten 


1.95 


9.3 


81 


135 


503 


3,537 







[Bull. 221] 



63 

The results of this study, reduced to the usual per man per day 
basis, show a diet low in protein and high in energy. Doubtless the 
energy provided was sufficient for the needs of the women, but such 
would not appear to be true of the protein. There was little variety 
in the diet, the number of articles used during the two weeks being 
small. It must have required much ingenuity to have made them 
up into cooked dishes in such a way as to prevent the food from 
becoming very monotonous. The cost, 9.3 cents, is relatively high 
for the amount and variety of food obtained. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 631. 

This study was made with a family of nine, seven of whom were 
children. The house which they occupied had seven rooms, and 
would appear to have been better furnished than most of those occu- 
pied by the subjects of these studies (PL II, fig. 1). It rented for 
$3.50 per month. The family was evidently economical, as it was 
noted that they saved some money. Their appearance was unusually 
neat. Their income amounted to about $2.55 per day. The father, 
one daughter, and two boys did factory work. 

The study began October 7, 1903. The ages and weights of the 
several members of the family, and the number of meals taken by 
each, are given below : 

Meals. 

Man, age 57 years, weight 160 pounds 42 

Woman, age 45 years, weight 140 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man) , equivalent to 33 

Woman, age 18 years, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man) , equivalent to 33 

Boy, age 15 years, weight 90 pounds (42 meals X 0.9 meal of man), 

equivalent to 38 

Girl, age 13 years, weight 60 pounds (42 meals X 0.7 meal of man), 

equivalent to 29 

Boy, age 10 years, weight 40 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Boy, age 7 years, weight 30 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 6 years, weight 24 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 3 years, weight 20 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Total number of meals equivalent to 259 

Equivalent to 1 man for 86 days. 

[Bull. 1221] 



64 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 631. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kind and amount. 


Cost, 


Cost. 


&£ i «* 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shoulder clod, 2.5 pounds, 25 cents (4) 


Dollars. 
0.25 

1.20 


Cents. 
0.3 

1.4 


Grams. 
3 

4 


Grams. 
1 

46 


Grams. 


Calories. 
21 


Pork: Lard, 4 pounds, 40 cents (12); salt, fat, 
4 pounds, 40 cents (14): sausage, 4 pounds. 40 
cents (16) 




4°5 




1 






Total animal food 


1.45 


1.7 


7 j 47 




446 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 36 pounds, 43 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 60 pounds, SI. 44 (37) 


1.87 
.93 

.35 

.20 


2.2 

1.1 

.4 
.2 


46 


11 


371 

82 

7 
6 


1,766 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 15.5 
pounds, 93 cents (45) 




328 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 2.5 pounds, 5 cents (51); 
green corn, 6 pounds, 30 cents (52) 


1 




32 


Fruits, etc.: Apples, 10 pounds, 20 cents (71) 


24 






Total vegetable food 


3.35 


3.9 


47 11 | 466 


2,150 




Total food 


4.80 


5.6 


54 j 58 1 466 
1 ' ' 5 


2,596 
24 












Food actually eaten 


4.80 


5.6 


53 58 461 


2,572 



The table above shows the very noticeable fact that the diet of this 
family was essentially vegetarian in character. Only 7 grams of 
protein and 446 calories of energy were derived from animal food. 
Corn meal was easily the most important food, while corn meal and 
wheat flour furnished about 85 per cent of the total protein and 
68 per cent of the total energy. As regards the total nutrients 
consumed, it will appear that they furnished far less than the dietary 
standards demand, and, roughly speaking, 30 per cent less than the 
average for these studies. Inasmuch as this family was saving 
money, it seems difficult to believe that they had not food enough to 
eat. Nevertheless, the children are all noticeably below the average 
in weight. It is perhaps impossible with the data at hand to account 
satisfactorily for the conditions shown by this study. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 632. 

This study was made with a family of three persons, the man being 
a factory operative regularly employed and earning $1 per day. 

The study was made in October, 1903. The usual data concerning 
the subjects of the stud}" are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 52 years, weight 150 pounds '. . . . 42 

Woman, age 28 years, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man) , equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 5 years, weight 30 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Total number of meals equivalent to 93 

Equivalent to 1 man for 31 days. 
[Bull. 221] 



U. S. Dept. of Age, Bui. 221, Office of Expt. Stations. 



Plate II. 




Fig. 1.— Home of Family near Maryville. Dietary Study No. 631 




Fiq. 2.— Home of Factory Operative. Dietary Study No. 639. 



65 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 632. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 2 pounds, 20 cents (12); salt fat, 2 
pounds, 20 cents (14); sausage, 2 pounds, 20 


Dollars. 

0.60 

.20 

.40 

.08 


Cents. 
1.9 

.6 
1.3 

.3 


Grams. 
6 
4 
1 
5 


Grams. 

65 

3 

24 

1 


Grams. 


Calories. 
602 


Eggs 2 pounds, 20 cents (20) 




43 


Butter, 2 pounds, 40 cents (21) 




218 




6 


53 








1.28 


4.1 


16 


93 


6 


916 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 15.5 pounds, 19 cents (33); 

flour, wheat, 33.5 pounds, 80 cents (37) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, brown, 5 pounds, 

25 cents (44) 


.99 
.25 

1.10 

.62 


3.2 

.8 

3.6 
2 


67 


14 


531 
70 

72 
47 


2,516 
280 


Vegetables: Beets, pickled, 2.75 pounds, 14 cents 
(50); cabbage, 2 pounds, 4 cents (51); cucum- 
ber pickles, 2.5 pounds, 25 cents (61); potatoes, 
33 per cent refuse, 24.25 pounds, 30 cents (62); 
sweet potatoes, 20 per cent refuse, 5 pounds, 5 
cents (68); tomatoes, canned, 6.06 pounds, 30 
cents (70); turnips, 4 pounds, 2 cents (71) 

Fruits, etc.: Apples, 3.75 pounds, 8 cents (73); 
apples, canned, 1 pound, 10 cents (75); apple 
jelly, 2.63 pounds, 26 cents (76); peaches, 


9 

1 


1 

1 


333 
201 










2.96 


9.6 77 ! 16 


720 


3,330 






Total food 


4 24 


13.7 


93 i 109 
3 1 


726 
19 


4,246 




97 












4.24 


13.7 


90 


108 


707 


4,149 





The table above shows a rather more varied diet than is usual 
with these studies. The cost, 13.7 cents, is much above the average. 
The energy derived from the food consumed, 4,149 calories, is much 
larger than might be expected in a family where the activity was 
such as the data which could be collected imply was the case here. 
It is of course impossible to say what muscular work the man did, 
and it may possibly be that his energy requirements were unusually 
high. The protein consumed per man per day was slightly above 
the average for these studies. The nutritive value of the waste was 
larger than that in the majority of these studies. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 633. 

Dietary study No. 633 was made with a family of four persons. 
The father was employed in a coffin factory, while the boy was a 
teamster. The daily income of the family was $1.75 per day. They 
paid $3.50 per month for rent of a house, barn, and a half acre of 
land. They raised vegetables for their own use, and kept a cow. 
From the description of the house it would appear that a considerable 
attempt was made to make it homelike, as far as the means of the 
family would allow. 

9180— Bull. 221—09 5 



66 

The study began October 26, 1903. The usual data concerning 
the members of the f amily are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 44 years, weight 150 pounds 42 

Woman, age 46 years, weight 140 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to. ! 33 

Man, age 24 years, weight 147 pounds 42 

Girl, age 16 years, weight 120 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 34 

Total number of meals equivalent to 151 

Equivalent to 1 man for 50 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 633. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shoulder clod, 5 pounds, 50 cents (4) 

Pork: Lard, 2 pounds, 20 cents (12) 


Dollars. 

0.50 
.20 

1.40 
.25 
.11 


Cents. 
1.0 

.4 

2.8 

.5 

.2 


Grams. 
8 

i" 

3 
5 


Grams. 
2 
18 
53 


Grams. 


Calories. 
50 
160 


Butter, 7 pounds, $1.40 (21) 




476 
58 


Milk, 10 pounds, 25 cents (24) 


3 


s" 


Buttermilk, 18 pounds, 11 cents (25) 


1 | 5 1 49 








2.46 


4.9 


17 


77 10 ] 793 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 20 pounds, 24 cents (33); 


1.20 
.24 

.14 
.25 


2.4 
.5 

.3 
.5 


50 


11 


402 
36 

21 
30 


1,906 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 4 


144 


Vegetables: Potatoes, 29 per cent refuse, 6 pounds, 
7 cents (62); sweet potatoes, 18 per cent refuse, 


2 

1 


1 


92 


Fruits, etc.: Anples, dried, 5 pounds, 25 cents 
(74) ". 


133 










1.83 


3 7 


53 


12 489 | 2,275 






Total food 


4 29 


8.6 


70 


89 


499 3. 068 




2 


8 
















4.29 


8.6 


70 


89 


497 


3,060 







The protein consumed by this family was somewhat below the 
average for these studies and far below the dietary standards. The 
energy corresponds closely with that of the American standard for 
man with light to moderate muscular work. Corn meal and wheat 
flour were the chief source of nourishment of this family. 

The cost is slightly below the standard for these studies. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 634. 

The study was made with two persons, a man and wife. The man 
was a day laborer, and earned about $2 per week. His wife aided 
in the support by taking in washing, thereby earning $1.50 per week. 
They occupied an old three-room house, for which they paid $1.50 
rent per month. 

[Bull. 221] - - 



67 

The study was made in the month of November, 1903. The age 
and weight of each of the subjects, and the number of meals taken 
by each, are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 27 years, weight 140 pounds 42 

Woman, age 24 years, weight 150 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 
man), equivalent to 34 

Total number of meals equivalent to 76 

Equivalent to 1 man for 25 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 634. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients 

] 


, and fuel value of food per 
nan per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


^t. | S°; 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 2 pounds, 20 cents (12); salt, fat, 3 
pounds, 30 cents (14); sausage, 2.5 pounds, 25 


Dollars. 

0.75 

.60 


Cents. 
3.0 
2.4 


Grams. 
9 
1 


Grams. 
98 
45 


Grams. 


Calories. 
908 






405 






Total animal food 


1.35 


5.4 


10 


143 




1,313 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 20 pounds, 24 cents (33); 


.86 

.24 
.05 


3.4 

1.0 
.2 


75 


20 


606 

73 

2 


2,902 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 4 
pounds, 24 cents (45) 


292 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 2.5 pounds, 5 cents (51) 


1 




12 




1.15 


4.6 


76 


20 


681 


3,206 




Total food 


2.50 


10.0 


86 
1 


163 
1 


681 

8 


4,519 
45 


Food wasted 












2.50 


10.0 


85 


162 


673 


4,474 





From the table above it will be seen that the food consumed in this 
study yielded 85 grams protein, 162 grams fat, and 673 grams carbo- 
hydrates. The fuel value of the ingested food was 4,474 calories. 
While the cost of the food per man per day and the amount of protein 
consumed very closely approximate the average for these studies, 
the energy value is much above it. This is probably very largely 
due to the amount of fat supplied by the animal food, pork and butter, 
which yielded 143 grams of fat, equivalent to 1,313 calories of energy 
per man per day. Undoubtedly the energy supplied by the food in 
this study was abundantly sufficient for the bodily activity of the 
subjects. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 635. 

Dietary study No. 635 was made with a family of two persons, a 
man and wife. The man was a pensioner, receiving $12 per month. 
He had no regular employment, but raised vegetables on a plat of 
about three-quarters of an acre. They owned the property on which 
they lived. 

[Bull. 221] 



68 

The study was made in November, 1903. The usual data concern- 
ing the members of the family are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, ago 56 years, weight 180 pounds 42 

Woman, age 54, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 
equivalent to 34 

Total number of meals equivalent to 76 

Equivalent to 1 man for 25 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 635. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


lutrients 

] 


, and fuel value of food per 
nan per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
teiD. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shank, 10 pounds, 10 cents (2) 


Dollars. 
0.10 

.80 
.60 


Cents. 
0.4 

3.2 
2.4 


Grams. 
12 

11 
1 


Grams. 
3 

102 
45 


Grams. 


Calories. 


Pork: Lard, 2 pounds, 20 cents (12); salt, fat, 3 
pounds, 30 cents (14); sausage, 3 pounds, 30 
cents (16) 




952 


Butter, 3 pounds, 60 cents (21) 




404 









Total animal food 


1.50 


6.0 


24 


150 




1,431 




.. 




VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 10 pounds, 12 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 36 pounds, 86 cents (37) 


.98 
.24 

.08 
.23 


3.9 
1.0 

.3 

.9 


80 


14 


628 
73 

27 
33 


2,956 
292 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 4 
pounds, 24 cents (45) 


Vegetables: Sweet potatoes, 25 per cent refuse, 
6 pounds, 6 cents (68); turnips, 4.5 pounds, 2 
cents (71) 


2 


1 

1 


125 


Fruits, etc: Blackberries, canned, 3.25 pounds, 
23 cents (78) 


141 






Total vegetable food 


1.53 


6.1 


82 


16 


761 


3,514 






Total food 


3.03 


12.1 


106 

1 


166 
1 


761 
8 


4,945 




45 












3.03 


12.1 


105 


165 


753 


4,900 







From the table above it will be seen that for 12.1 cents per man per 

day this family obtained food which yielded 106 grams protein and 

4,945 calories of energy, almost all of which was eaten. This study 

is above the average, both as regards nutrients, energy, and cost. 

Particularly noticeable is the amount of fat obtained from animal 

food, 150 grams, and it is one of the main sources of the high fuel 

value. There can be but little question that the diet was sufficient 

for the needs of the subjects, as neither of them can have done heavy 

work. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 636. 

This study was made with 8 persons, 3 adults and 5 boys, the 
latter ranging in age from 7 to 17 years. The older man draws a 
pension of $12 per month, a sum supplemented by the products of a 
small truck garden. The house in which they lived was much more 
elaborate than the majority of those observed. 

[Bull. 221] 



69 

The study began November 4, 1903. The ages and weights of the 
subjects, and the number of meals taken by each, are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 56 years, weight 143 pounds 42 

Man, age 24 years, weight 140 pounds 42 

Boy, age 17 years, weight 120 pounds 42 

Woman, age 21 years, weight 137 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 14 years, weight 104 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 33 

Boy, age 12 years, weight 90 pounds (42 meals X 0.7 meal of man), 

equivalent to 29 

Boy, age 8 years, weight 63 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 1 year, weight 33 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 256 

Equivalent to 1 man for 85 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 636. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 

man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Wq+ Carbohy- 

x aT ' drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shoulder clod, 3 pounds, 30 cents (4); 


Dollars. 
0.50 

1.75 
.25 

.60 


Cents. 
0.6 

2.1 
.3 

.7 


Grams. 
5 

6 

4 


Grams. 
2 


Grams. 


Calories. 
38 


Pork: Lard. 4.5 pounds, 45 cents (12); salt, fat, 
13 pounds, S1.30 (14) 


75 
2 




691 
34 






Butter. 3 pounds. GO cents (21) 


13 116 



Total animal food. 



3.10 



92 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal. 30 pounds, 36 cents (33); 

flour, wheat, 76 pounds, 31.82 (37) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, brown, 4 pounds, 

20 cents (44); sugar, granulated, 5 pounds, 30 

cents (45) 


2.18 
.50 

.65 


2.5 

.6 

.8 


53' 


11 


421 
47 

50 


1,994 
188 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 2.5 pounds, 5 cents (51); 
anions, 3.25 pounds, 6 cents (57); potatoes, 25 | 
per cent refuse, 13 pounds, 16 cents (62); sweet 
potatoes. 29 per cent refuse, 35 pounds, 35 cents 
(68); turnips, 6.5 pounds, 3 cents (71) 


4 




1 


225 


Total vegetable food 


3.33 


3.9 


57 


12 


518 


2,407 






Total food 


6.43 


7.6 


72 


104 


518 
1 


3,2S6 


Food wasted ... 


4 






Food actually eaten 


6.43 


7.6 


n 


104 


517 


3,282 



The table above summarizes the study on the usual per man per 
day basis. It appears that the cost is below the average for these 
studies, and furthermore, that the protein is low. The energy is 
about midway between those suggested by the American standards 
for light and moderate muscular work. The children weighed more 
than the majority at their ages. Pork, corn meal, and flour were 
the principal foodstuffs used. 

[Bull. 221] 



70 

DIETARY STUDY No. 637. 

This study was made with the family of a day laborer, employed 
at various sorts of job work, by which he earned about $2 per week. 
Their home was an old two-room house, unplastered and unpapered, 
for which they paid $1.50 rent per month. 

The study commenced November 5, 1903. The usual data con- 
cerning the different members of the family are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 24 years, weight 136 pounds _ _ 42 

Woman, age 22 years, weight 120 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to _ 34 

Girl, age 1 year, weight 18 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 89 

Equivalent to 1 man for 30 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 637. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


nutrient; 

] 


>, and fuel value of food per 
nan per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Salt, fat, 4 pounds, 40 cents (14); sau- 
sage, 2.5 pounds, 25 cents (16) 


Dollars. 

0.65 

.60 

.09 


Cents. 
2.2 
2.0 
.3 


Grams. 
9 

1 
6 


Grams. 
62 
38 

1 


Grams. 


Calories. 
588 


Butter, 3 pounds, 60 cents (21) 




342 




7 


61 






Total animal food 


1.34 


4.5 


16 


101 7 


991 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 20 pounds, 24 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 24 pounds, 58 cents (37) 


.82 
.39 
.16 
.20 


2.7 
1.3 
.5 

. 7 


59 
5 
3 
1 


16 
1 


4S2 
136 
44 


2,306 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 13 pounds, 39 


564 


Vegetables: Sweet potatoes, 34 per cent refuse, 
16 pounds, 16 cents (68) . . 


197 


Fruits, etc.: Apples, dried, 4 pounds, 20 cents 
(74) 


1 40 


173 






Total vegetable food 


1.57 


5.2 


68 


IS 702 


3,240 






Total food 


2.91 


9.7 


s t 


119 709 


4,231 


Food wasted 




6 


28 












Food actually eaten 


2.91 


9.7 


83 


119 


703 


4,203 







The results of this study as given in the preceding table show a high 
energy value. The cost is nearly a cent per man per day above the 
average. The protein, 83 grams, is just about an average for this 
series of studies. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 638. 

Dietary study No. 638 was made with the family of a teamster, 
earning on the average $20 per month. The rent paid for their home 
was $3.50 per month. 

[Bull. 221] 



71 

The study began November 11, 1903. The age and weight of each 
member of the family, and the number of meals taken by each, will 
be found below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 24 years, weight 147 pounds 42 

Woman, age 23 years, weight 126* pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 4 years, weight 40 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Girl; age 1 year, weight 23 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 12 

Total number of meals equivalent to 105 

Equivalent to 1 man for 35 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 638. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates". 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef- Shank 8 pounds. 8 cents (2) 


Dollars. 
0.08 

1.10 
.80 


Cen*s. 
2 

3.1 
2.3 


Grams. 

7 

9 

1 


Grams. 
2 

108 
43 


Grams. 


Calories. 
46 


Pork: Lard, 3 pounds, 30 cents (12); salt, fat, 6 
pounds, 60 cents (14); sausage, 2 pounds, 20 
cents (16) 




997 


Butter, 4 pounds, 80 cents (21) 




387 










1.98 


5.6 


17 


153 




1,430 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 34 pounds, 41 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 42.5 pounds, 81.02 (37) 


1.43 
.15 

.24 

.08 


4.1 
.4 

.2 


• 89 


24 


719 
32 

48 
6 


3,445 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 2.5 


128 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 3 pounds, 15 cents (48); 
potatoes, 18 per cent refus'e, 7 pounds, 7 cents 
(62); turnips, 4 pounds, 2 cents (71) 


10 


1 


241 


Fruits, etc. : Apples, 4 pounds, 8 cents (73) 


24 








1.90 


5.4 


99 


25 


805 


3,838 




Total food 


3.88 


11.0 


116 


178 


805 
2 


5,268 
8 


Food wasted 














3.88 


11.0 


116 


• 178 


803 


5,260 







As compared with the average of this series, study No. 638 will be 
observed to have high cost, protein, and energy. The energy par- 
ticularly is about 1,600 calories above the average. There seems no 
question that this family was sufficiently nourished. The weight of 
both children is slightly above the average for their ages. As in 
several other studies here reported, corn meal, wheat flour, and salt 
pork furnished by far the larger part of the nutrients of the food 
consumed. 

[Bull. 221] 



72 

DIETARY STUDY No. 639. 

The diet of the family of a factory operative is reported below. The 
father supported the family by his work in a coffin factory, where he 
earned 75 cents per day. Their home was a house of three rooms, 
which they rented for $2.50 per month. They were in decidedly 
poor circumstances. (PL II, fig. 2.) 

The study was made in November of 1903. The usual data con- 
cerning the members of the family follow: 

Meals. 

Man, age 27 years, weight 163 pounds 42 

Woman, age 25 years, weight 146 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man) , equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 2 years, weight 20 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Total number of meals equivalent to 93 

Equivalent to 1 man for 31 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 639. 



Food consumed, during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 3 pounds, 30 cents (12); salt, fat, 


Dollars. 

0.70 

.80 


Cents. 
2.2 
2.6 


Grams. 
5 

1 


Grams. 
87 
48 


Grams. 


Calories. 
794 






431 










1.50 


4.8 


6 


135 




1 , 225 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 10 pounds, 12 cents (33); oats, 
rolled, 1.5 pounds, 8 cents (35); flour, wheat, 37 


1.09 
.18 

.49 


3.5 
.6 

1.6 


69 


13 


532 

44 

92 


2,520 
176 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 3 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 0.5 pound, 3 cents 
(48); cabbage, 2 pounds, 4 cents (51); cow- 
peas, Clay, dried, 2 pounds, 6 cents (55); 
onions, 2.44 pounds, 4 cents (57): potatoes, 25 
per cent refuse, 14 pounds, 18 cents (62): 
sweet potatoes, 33 per cent refuse, 13 pounds, 
13 cents (68) ; turnips, 2 pounds, 1 cent (71) 


15 


2 


446 




1.76 


5.7 


84 


15 


668 


3,142 






Total food 


3.26 


10.5 


90 
3 


150 
3 


668 

17 


4,367 




107 










3.26 


10.5 


87 


147 


651 


4,260 







The table above shows that the family consumed 87 grams protein 
and 4,260 calories of energy per man per day, which cost 10.5 cents per 
day. These figures are all above the average for these studies, but the 
protein falls below the American standards. The waste in this study 
was rather above the ordinary. 

[Bull. 221] 



73 

DIETARY STUDY No. 640. 

Dietary study No. 640 was made with the family of a carpenter not 
having regular employment. He earned on the average about $4 per 
week. His rent cost him $3 per month. From this statement it will 
appear that this family were in very humble circumstances. 

The study began November 18, 1903. The age and weight of each 
member of the family, and the number of meals taken, are given 
herewith : 

Meals. 

Man, age 26 years, weight 172 pounds 42 

Man, age 70 years, weight 142 pounds 42 

Woman, age 24 years, weight 157 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 2 years, weight 34 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Total number of meals equivalent to 135 

Equivalent to 1 man for 45 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 640. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients 

] 


, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


F t ' Carbohy- 
- tai - drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shank, 8 pounds, 8 cents (2); steak, round, 


Dollars. 
0.28 

1.76 


Cents. 
0.6 

3.9 


Grams. 
10 

45 


Grams. 
3 

113 


Grams. 


Calories. 
67 


Pork: Chuck ribs, 10 pounds, 50 cents (8); head, 
18 pounds, .45 cents (9); liver, 9 pounds, 6 cents, 
(11); lard, 3 pounds, 30 cents (12); salt, fat, 2.5 
pounds, 25 cents (14); sausage, 2 pounds, 20 
cents (16) 




1,189 








2.04 


4.5 


55 


116 


1 


1,256 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 13 pounds, 16 cents (33); flour, 
wheat, 47 pounds, SI. 13 (37) 


1.29 
.60 

.48 


2.9 
1.3 

1.1 


57 
3 

9 


10 


455 


2,137 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 12 pounds, 36 
cents (43); sugar, granulated, 4 pounds, 24 
cents (45) 


124 

1 64 


508 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 2pounds, lOcents (48); 
potatoes, 33 per cent refuse, 15 pounds, 19 cents, 
(62); sweet potatoes, 37 per cent refuse, 19 
pounds, 19 cents (68} 


301 






Total vegetable food 


2.37 


5.3 


69 


11 643 


2,946 






Total food 


4.41 


9.8 


124 


127 644 


4,202 
4 


Food wasted 


















Food actually eaten 


,« 


9.8 


124 


127 643 


4,198 











The diet of this family yielded per man per day 124 grams protein, 
127 grams fat, and 643 grams carbohydrates, having a fuel value of 
4,198 calories. The cost per man per day was 9.8 cents. The 
amount of protein is that suggested by the American standard for a 
man at moderate muscular work, the energy being greatly in excess of 
the same standard. The cost is slightly above the average for these 

[Bull. 221] 



74 



studies. It seems safe to assert that this family had sufficient pro- 
tein and energy for their bodily needs. From an economical standard 
t his study makes a very good showing, the nutrients and energy supply 
being, in proportion to the expenditure, much less than was the case 
in very many of these studies. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 641. 

This study was made with the family of a teamster. They occu- 
pied a four-room house, for which they paid $2.50 rent per month. 
The income of the family was 50 cents per day. 

The study began November 18, 1903. The usual data concerning 
the members of the family are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 29 years, weight 172 pounds 42 

Woman, age 27 years, weight 146 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 10 years, weight 76 pounds (42 meals X 0. 6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Girl, age 7 years, weight 68 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Girl, age 5 years, weight 59 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Boy, age 1 year, weight 20 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 152 

Equivalent to 1 man for 51 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 641 ■ 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Liver, 8 pounds, 5 cents (11); lard, 3.5 
pounds, 35 cents (12); salt, fat, 10 pounds, $1 


Dollars. 
1.50 
.10 


Cents. 

2.9 

.2 


Grams. 
23 


Grams. 
104 


Grams. 
1 
5 


Calories. 
1,021 


Buttermilk, 16 pounds, 10 cents (16) 


4 1 


45 






Total animal food 


1.60 


3.1 


27 105 


6 1 1,066 










VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 30 pounds, 36 cents (33); flour, 
wheat, 36 pounds, 86 cents (37) 


1.22 
.36 
.18 

.51 


2.4 

. 7 
.4 

1.0 


52 


14 


425 

53 

6 


2,033 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, .granulated, 6 


212 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 7.5 pounds, 15 cents (51); 


2 

1 


1 


32 


Fruits, etc.: Apples, dried, 3 pounds, 15 cents 
(74); blackberry jelly, 1.75 pounds, 18 cents 
(80); peaches, canned, 2.5 pounds, 18 cents (88). 


32 141 


Total vegetable food 


2.27 i 4.5 


55 


15 


516 2.418 








Total fool 


3.87 | 7.6 


82 


120 


522 3,484 




2 8 














3.87 


7.6 


82 


120 


520 3.476 









[Bull. 221] 



75 



The diet supplied very nearly the amounts of protein and energy 
which are the average for the whole series of studies. The cost was 1.2 
cents per man per day less than this average. Pork, corn meal, and 
flour were the chief articles of food. The children are up to or above 
normal weight. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 642. 

This family occupied two rooms, which they rented for $1.50 per 
month. The father was an employee of a coffin factory and received 
$1.25 per day. 

The study began November 18, 1903. Below are given the ages 
and weights of the family, and the number of meals taken by each 
member : 

Meals. 

Man, age 44 years, weight 152 pounds 42 

Woman, age 41 years, weight 137 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 11 years, weight 56 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Boy, age 10 years, weight 47 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Girl, age 7 years, weight 48 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Girl, age 6 years, weight 50 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 15 months, weight 24 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 181 

Equivalent to 1 man for 60 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 642. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, i 


lutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shoulder clod, 3 pounds, 30 cents (4) 

Pork: Lard, 4 pounds, 40 cents (12); salt, fat, 
10 pounds, $1 (14) 


Dollars. 
0.30 

1.40 
.80 
.11 


Cents. 
0.5 

2.3 
1.3 
.2 


Grams. 
4 

6 
1 
4 


Grams. 

1 

85 
25 

1 


Grams. 


Calories. 
25 




781 






226 


Buttermilk, 18 pounds, 11 cents (25)... 


5 


45 






Total animal food 


2.61 


4.3 


15 


112 


5 


1,077 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 20 pounds, 24 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 54 pounds, $1.30 (37). . . 


1.54 

.84 

1.14 


2.6 
1.4 

1.9 


53 
3 

17 


10 
3 


417 
145 

120 


1,969 
592 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 19 pounds, 48 
cents (43); sugar, granulated, 6 pounds, 36 
cents (45) 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 5 pounds, 25 cents 
(48); onions, 2 pounds, 4 cents (57); potatoes, 
18 per cent refuse, 30 pounds, 38 cents (62); 
sweet potatoes, 24 per cent refuse, 37 pounds, 
37 cents (68); turnips, 20 pounds, 10 cents (71).. 


599 


Total vegetable food 


3.52 


5.9 


73 


13 


688 


3,160 




Total food 


6.13 


10.2 


88 
1 


125 
1 


693 
6 


4,237 


Food wasted 


37 












6.13 


10.2 


87 


124 


687 


4,200 







[Bull. 221 J 



76 

The table (p. 75) shows a diet in which the protein was obtained 
very largely from vegetable food. The total protein consumption is 
somewhat more than the average for these studies, but is certainly 
much below the dietary standard, even that for light muscular work. 
The energy is high, 600 calories more than the average for these 
studies and 1,000 more than the standard for a man with light to 
moderate muscular work. The waste, as usual with these studies, 
was small in amount and in nutritive value. Corn meal and flour 
were much-used articles of food. The cost per man per day is about 
1 cent higher than the average for these studies. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 643. 

The study was made with two women, neither of whom had any 
occupation other than the customary housework. They owned the 
house, in half of which they lived, the other half being rented to the 
family described in the preceding study. The elder woman was a 
pensioner, and the $12 per month which she received supported the 
two. 

This study was made in November, 1903. The usual data con- 
cerning the subjects follow: 

Meals. 
Woman, age 80 years, weight 140 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Woman, age 20 years, weight 120 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 33 

Total number of meals equivalent to 67 

Equivalent to 1 man for 22 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 643. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Sausage, 2 pounds, 20 cents (16) 


Dollars. 

0.20 

.40 

.05 


Cents. 

0.9 

1.8 

.2 


Grams. 
5 
1 
5 


Grams. 
19 
34 

1 


Grams. 


Calories. 
189 


Butter, 2 pounds, 40 cents (21) 




307 




6 


53 






Total animal food 


.65 


2.9 


11 


54 


6 


549 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 10 pounds, 12 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 24 pounds, 58 cents, (37); rice, 5 
pounds, 30 jcents (36) 


1.00 
.51 


4.6 
2.3 


73 


14 


602 
175 


2,824 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 8.5 


700 










Total vegetable food 


1.51 


6.9 


73 


14 




3.524 






Total food 


2.16 


9.8 


84 

1 

83 


68 
1 

67 


783 

7 

776 


4.073 


Food wasted 


41 




2.16 


9.8 


4, 032 







[Bull. 221] 



77 

Although the data of the preceding table are given in terms of 
per man per day, it is very easy to compute the results to terms of 
per woman per day. If this be done, it will be found that each of 
the subjects of the study received 66 grams protein, 54 grams fat, 
and 620 grams carbolrydrates, yielding 3,225 calories of energy. 
There seems to be no doubt that this ration furnished energy enough 
for their needs, but the amount of protein, 66 grams per woman per 
day, is smaller than the average. It must be remembered in con- 
sidering this matter, however, that the activity of these women was 
probably slight. The cost was high for the region. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 644. 

This study was made with the family of a factory operative receiv- 
ing 75 cents per day for his work. The family occupied a three- 
room house, for which they paid $2.50 per month rent. There was 
no means of ascertaining the activity of the father, but that of the 
other members of the family was probably about the same as the 
average. 

The study began November 27, 1903. The ages and weights of 
the different members of the family, and the number of meals taken 
by each, are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 42 years, weight 148 pounds 42 

Woman, age 46 years, weight 139 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Woman, age 22 years, weight 140 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 16 years, weight 90 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to -. 33 

Girl, age 13 years, weight 76 pounds (42 meals X 0.7 meal of man), 

equivalent to 29 

Total number of meals equivalent to 172 

Equivalent to 1 man for 57 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 644. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shank, 1 pounds, 10 cents (2) 


Dollars. 
0.10 

1.73 
.14 


Cents. 
0.2 

3.0 
.2 


Grams. 
5 

9 
5 


Grams. 
2 

108 
1 


Grams. 


Calories. 
38 


Pork: Lard, 3.31 pounds, 33 cents (12); salt, fat, 
14 pounds, SI. 40 (14) 




997 




6 


53 








1.97 


3.4 


19 


111 


6 


1.088 







[Bull. 221] 



78 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 644 — Continued. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 27 pounds, 32 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 4(i pounds, $1.10 (37) 


Dollars. 

1.42 

.32 


Cents. 

2.5 

.6 


Grams. 
53 

2 


Grams. 
13 


Grams. 

427 

7 


Calories. 
2 036 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 16 pounds, 32 cents (51). . . 


36 




1.74 


3.1 


55 


13 


434 


2,072 






Total food . 


3.71 


6.5 


74 
1 


124 
1 


440 

7 


3,160 
41 


Food wasted 












3.71 


6.5 


73 


123 


433 


3,119 





Only seven articles of food were used during the two weeks of this 
study. From this it will be seen that the diet was very lacking in 
variety. Both the protein and energy supplied are somewhat 
below the average for these studies. The energy, however, is much 
more nearly that of the usual standards than is the protein. The 
cost, 6.5 cents, is very low, 2.3 cents less than the average for these 
studies. The children were noticeably below the average for their 
ages in weight. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 645. 

This study was made with the family of a factory operative. 
Their weekly income was about $6.30. Their home was a four- 
room house, for which they paid $2.50 rent. 

The study began December 2, 1903. The usual data concerning 
the members of the family are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 26 years, weight 170 pounds 42 

Man, age 47 years, weight 138 pounds 42 

Woman, age 22 years, weight 120 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to ,. 34 

Woman, age 46 years, weight 153 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to. 34 

Total number of meals equivalent to 152 

Equivalent to 1 man for 51 days. 
[Bull. 221] 



79 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 64o. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cosr. 



Cost. 



Pro- 



Fat. 



Carbohy- 
drates." 



Fuel 
value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shoulder clod. 2 pounds. 20 cents (4); 

steak, round. 4.5 pounds. 45 cents (6) 

Pork: Lard, 3.25 pounds. 33 cents (12); salt. fat. 

0.94 pound, 9 cents (14) 

Fish: Perch. 1 pound, 13 cents (17) 

Game: Rabbit. 6 pounds, 30 cents (19) 

Butter, 2.31 pounds, 46 cents (21) 



Dollars. [ Cents. 
0.65 1.3 

.42 .8 

.13 .3 

.30 .6 

.46 .9 



Grams. Grams 

11 3 

1 35 

1 



Grams. 



Calorics. 



Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal. 15 pounds. 18 cents (33): 
flour, wheat. 43.31 pounds. SI. 04 '37) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses. 4.5 pounds, 14 
cents (43); sugar, granulated, 3 pounds, 18 
cents (45) 

Vegetables: Beans, dried. 2 pounds. 10 cents (48); 
potatoes. 18 per cent refuse, 7 pounds. 9 cents 
(62); sweet potatoes, 35 per cent refuse. 18 
pounds. 18 cents (68) 

Fruits, etc.: Apples, dried, 2.5 pounds, 12 cents 
(74). 



3.9 



20 



315 

4 

73 

151 



614 



1.22 
.32 



2.4 



54 



1.828 
220 



233 
t9 





2.03 


3.9 


57 


11 


508 


2.350 






Total food 


3.99 


7.8 


2 


71 
2 


503 
13 


2.964 




78 










76 


3.99 


7.8 


75 


69 


493 


2.886 







This study is chiefly noticeable because of the small amount of 
energy in the food eaten and for the variety of animal food con- 
sumed. Both protein and energy are lower than the average for 
these studies, while the cost closely approaches the average for the 
families studied. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 646. 

Dietary study Xo. 646 was made with a family of five, a widow 
and her four children. Two boys and the elder girl were wage- 
earners, their total earnings amounting to somewhat less than SI 
per day. They occupied a three-room house, for which they paid 
82 per month rent. 

The study began December 2. 1903. The ages and weights of 
the several members of the family, and the number of meals taken 
by each, are given below: 

Meals. 
Woman, age 46 year?, weight 149 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 19 years, weight 13S pounds 42 

Girl, age 20 years, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 34 

[Bull. 221] 



80 



Meals. 
Girl, age 15 years, weight 101 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

eq ui valent to 33 

Boy, age 1 I years, weight 90 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 33 

Total number of meals equivalent to 176 

Equivalent to 1 man for 59 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 646. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 9 pounds, 90 cents (12); salt, fat, 


Dollars. 
1.60 
.85 
.35 


Cents. 

2.7 

1.4 

.6 


Grams. 

4 

1 

13 


Grams. 
108 

27 
3 


Grams. 


Calories. 
977 


Butter, 4.25 pounds, 85 cents (21) 




244 


Buttermilk, 56 pounds, 35 cents (25) 


15 


139 








2.80 


4.7 


18 


138 


15 


1,360 




VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 20 pounds, 24 cents, (33); 


1.15 
.48 


2.0 

.8 


41 


9 


329 
61 


1,560 
244 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 8 
pounds, 48 cents (45) 












1.63 


2.8 


41 


9 


390 


1,804 






Total food 


4.43 


7.5 


59 


147 


405 
3 


3,164 




12 














4.43 


7.5 


59 


147 


402 


3,152 







This study shows a diet very lacking in variety. Only seven 
articles of food were used during the time of the study, corn meal, 
flour, and pork being the principal ones. The amount of lard (9 
pounds) used seems very large, and would indicate that the food of 
this family must have largely been cooked by frying. The amount 
of protein per man per day, 59 grams, is very small. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 647. 

The subjects of this dietary study were the family of a railroad 
section hand earning $1 per day. They occupied a four-room 
house and paid $2.50 per month rent. 

The study was made in December, 1903. The usual data con- 
cerning the different members of the family are given below: 

Meals. 

Man, 38 years, weight 150 pounds 42 

Woman, age 36 years, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 33 

Boy, age 15 years, weight 102 pounds (42 meals X 0.9 meal of man), 

equivalent to 38 

Girl, age 5 years, weight 30 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to .- 17 

Total number of meals equivalent to 130 

Equivalent to 1 man for 43 day's. 
[Bull. 221] 



U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bui. 221, Office of Expt. Stations. 



Plate III. 




Fig. 1.— Home of Brick Mason. Dietary Study No. 648. 




Fig. 2.— Home of Sawmill Operative. Dietary Study No. 651. 



81 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 647. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 


lays). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Chuck ribs, 2.5 pounds, 13 cents (8); 
lard, 4.25 pounds, 43 cents (12); salt, fat, 13 
pounds, $1.30 (14); sausage, 3.5 pounds, 35 


Dollars. 
2.21 


Cents. 
5.1 


Grams. 
19 


Grams. 
169 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1,580 










2.21 


5.1 


19 


169 




1,580 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 16 pounds, 19 cents (33); 


.91 
.10 

.34 


2.1 
.2 

.8 


45 


10 


357 
20 

21 


1,697 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, brown, 2 pounds, 
10 cents (44) 


80 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 2 pounds, 10 cents 
(48); cabbage, 10 pounds, 20 cents (51); onions, 


6 


1 


117 








1.35 


3.1 


51 


11 


398 


1,894 






Total food 


3.5(1 


8.2 


70 

1 


180 
1 


398 

8 


3,474 




45 












3.56 


8.2 


69 


179 


390 


3,429 







From the table above it appears that in this study there were con- 
sumed per man per day 69 grams protein, 179 grams fat, and 390 
grams carbohydrates, with a fuel value of 3,429 calories. This diet 
seems typical of this series of studies, where the energy is large as 
compared with the protein. The cost was 0.6 cent less than the 
average for these studies. The children weighed less than the 
normal weights for their ages. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 648. 

Dietary study No. 648 was made with the family of a brick mason. 
He earned $2.50 per day, while one son also added $1 per day to the 
income of the family. From this it will be seen that this family had 
the maximum income for this series of studies. They owned and 
occupied a four-room house (PL III, fig. 1). A very good garden 
furnished them with vegetables of the ordinary kinds. From data 
accompanying this study it is evident that their house was better 
furnished and equipped than was the case with the majority of these 
families. 

The study began December 5, 1903. The ages and weights of the 
members of the family, and the number of meals taken by each, are 
given below: 

Meals. 

Man, age 40 years, weight 162 pounds 42 

Woman, age 48 years, weight 187 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Man, age 21 years, weight 100 pounds 42 

9180— Bull. 221—09 6 



82 



Meals. 
Girl, age 15 years, weight 120 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 33 

Boy, age 11 years, weight 90 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Boy, age 9 years, weight 77 pounds ( 42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 16 months, weight 54 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 210 

Equivalent to 1 man for 70 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 648. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cost. 



Cost. 



Pro- 
tein. 



Fat Carbohy 



Fuel 
value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 



Beef: Steak, round, 4 pounds, 40 cents (6) 

Pork: Lard, 5 pounds, 30 cents (12); salt, fat, 18 

pounds, SI. 80 (14) 

Butter, 3 pounds, 60 cents (21) 



Dollars. 
0.40 



2.10 
.60 



Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 48 pounds, 58 cents (33); 

flour, wheat, 74 pounds, S1.78 (37) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 11 

pounds, 66 cents (45) 

Vegetables: Cabbage, 4 pounds, 8 cents (51); 

onions, 3 pounds, 5 cents (57) 

Fruits, etc. : Apples, 6 pounds, 12 cents (73) 



Total vegetable food. 



Total food 
Food wasted 



Food actuallv eaten. 



Cents. 
0.6 



3.0 



Grams. 



3.10 



6.37 



6.37 



Grams. 
2 



118 
16 



Grams. 



3. 27 4. 7 | 



18 



)-l 



154 
1 



Calories. 
31 

1,081 



4.4 


14 


136 





3.4 
q 


72 


18 


578 

71 

3 

4 


.2 
.2 


1 





656 



656 



142 



1,266 



2,760 

284 

16 
16 



3,076 



4.342 
45 



Although this family had the largest income of the 45 here 
studied, the cost of their food was almost the average for this series 
of studies. The diet was low in protein and high in energy. It is to 
be noticed in this connection that the members of the family were 
rather above ordinary weight. It may be that there was a tendency 
to store fat in their bodies, which may have some connection with 
the high energy consumption. The protein is only slightly above 
the average for these studies. 



DIETARY STUDIES IN REMOTE MOUNTAIN DISTRICTS, 

Nos. 649-667. 

In this section are included nineteen dietary studies (Xos. 649-667) 
of families living in Tennessee mountain districts, remote from towns. 

[Bull. 221] 



83 

DIETARY STUDY No. 649. 

This study was made in the family of a farmer who had lived on 
his present place since before the civil war. He served in the army 
during the war, and now draws a monthly pension of 812. He owns 
the farm, valued at 8450. and a considerable amount of live stock and 
farming implements. He had about 75 acres of land under cultiva- 
tion, on which he raised corn, wheat, vegetables, and clover, and also 
owned 60 acres of timber and some rough mountain land. 

The house was an unplastered. rough, wooden building, with 3 
small rooms and 1 window to each room. The furniture, which was 
fairly good for this region, consisted of 3 large beds. 10 chairs. 3 
tables, a cook stove, a safe for dishes, another for food, and a clock. 

Like most mountaineers, the family dressed rather poorly, the 
mans clothing costing about -812 a year, and being paid for in produce. 
The circumstances of this family appear to have been rather better 
than those of most of their neighbors. 

This study began August 10, 1904. and continued fourteen days. 
with 42 meals. The weights and ages of the family are as follows: 

Meals. 

Man. age 66 years, weight 16S pounds 42 

Woman, age 61 years, weight 153 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 
man I . equivalent to 34 

Total number of meals equivalent to 76 

Equivalent to 1 man for 25 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dieta No. 649. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cost. 



Pro- 



Fat. 



Carbohy- Fuel 
drates." value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 3.06 pounds, 31 cents (12); salt, 5 
pounds, 50 cents (14) 

Dairv products: Butter. 3.56 pounds, 71 cents 
(21); buttermilk. 36 pounds, 23 cents (25); 
milk, skimmed. 20 pounds. 15 cents (31) 



Dollars: 
0.81 



Cents. 
3.2 



Grams. 

7 



Grams. 
122 



Grams. 



Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 



[Bull. 221] 



Calories. 

1.114 



1.09 


4.4 


33 


58 


41 


812 


1.90 


7. 6 


40 


180 


41 


1.926 



Cereals: Corn meal. 13.50 pounds, 16 cents (33): 

flour, 27 pounds, »i.5 cents (37) 

Sugars, etc.: Sugar, brown. 2 pounds, 10 cents (44). 


.81 
.10 

.28 


3.2 

.4 

1.1 


68 


15 


543 
34 

74 


2.57V 
136 


Vegetables: Potatoes, white. 38 percent refuse. 
9 pounds. 11 cents -.2 : potatoes, sweet. 33 per 
cent refuse, 16.56 pounds, 17 cents (OS) 


6 


o 


338 


Total vegetable food 


1.19 


4.7 


74 


17 


651 


3.052 


Total food 


3.09 


12.3 


114 


197 


692 

- 


4.97S 


Food wasted 


8 












Food actually eaten 


3.09 


12.3 


114 


197 


690 


4.970 





84 

The amount of protein which this family obtained from the diet 
here reported is 114 grams, much higher than in the majority of these 
studies, and corresponds closely to the standard for light muscular 
work, 112 grams. This is undoubtedly due to the use of skim milk 
and buttermilk, which was made possible by the fact that the family 
owned two cows. The energy supplied was 4,978 calories, consider- 
ably hi excess of the standard even for moderate muscular work; 
this large amount is partly due to larger quantities of all the food 
materials than are consumed on the average, but partly also to the 
use of butter, which made the amount of fat eaten 50 per cent 
greater than the average. The cost of the diet, 12.3 cents, is strik- 
ingly high. It is half again as high as the average, by far the highest 
in this series of studies and sixth among the entire 64 studies. 
This, too, seems due to the use of dairy products. It is interesting 
to note that if the latter were withdrawn from the diet, the cost and 
protein would about equal the amounts in the average of these 
studies. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 650. 

The man and his family here described lived with his father on the 
farm described in the preceding study. Their house Was a new box 
house of two unplastered rooms. The entire family slept in one 
room. The general character of the furniture and of the clothing 
was very like that described in study No. 649. 

This study began August 10, 1904, and continued fourteen days 
with 42 meals. The ages and weights of the family, and the number 
of meals taken, were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 28 years, weight 180 pounds 42 

Woman, age 25 years, weight 176 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man) , eq uivalent to 34 

Boy, age 14 years, weight 104 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 12 years, weight 90 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of 

man), equivalent to 25 

Girl, age 8 years, weight 60 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 4 years, weight 48 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Boy, age 4 months, weight 30 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 186 

Equivalent to 1 man for 62 days. 
[Bull. 221] 



85 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 650. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost. 


nutrients, and fuel value of 
man per day. 


food per 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


AXIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 7 pounds, 70 cents (12); salt, 7 


Dollars. 
1.40 

L87 


Cents. 
2.3 

3.0 


Grams. 
23 


Grams. 
40 


Grams. 


Calories. 
808 


Dairy products: Butter, 6 pounds, -S1.20 (21); 
buttermilk. 57 pounds. 3, cents (25); milk, 
Skimmer! . 40 pounds, 30 cents (31 ). 


. 


■ - 






Total animal food . 


3.27 


5.3 


27 


129 


29 


1.372 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal. 34.56 pounds, 42 cents (33): 
flour. 47.5 pounds. SI. 14 (37) 


1.56 

1.04 


2.5 

1.7 


54 
10 


14 
2 


437 
109 


2.089 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 9 pounds. IS cents (51): 
onions. 3 pounds. 5 cents (57); potatoes, white. 
17 percent refuse. 26 pounds. 33 cents (62): po- 
tatoes, sweet. 22 per cent refuse, 47.5 pounds, 
4S cents (68)... 


494 






Total vegetable food 


2.60 


4.2 


64 


16 


546 


2,583 


Total food 


5. S7 


9.5 


91 


145 


575 

1 


3.955 


Food wasted 


4 














Food actuallv eaten 


•5. S7 


9.5 


91 


145 


574 


3.951 







The general character of this diet is similar to that described in 
the preceding study, save that the quantities of all the different mate- 
rials run slightly smaller, with correspondingly lower total figures. 
The protein furnished amounted to 91 grams, slightly more than the 
average for these studies, but noticeably less than the standard. 
The energy, 3,955 calories, is especially high, owing probably to the 
use of butter. 

The cost of this diet is 9.5 cents, slight lv greater than the average: 
the difference, as in the preceding study, is probably due to the use 
or dairy products, especiaUy butter. 



DIETARY STUDY No. 651. 

The man in whose family this study was made had steady work in 
a sawmill, for which he received SI. 50 a day. They rented one room 
of an old, two-room log house for 50 cents a month (PL III, fig. 2). 
The furniture was scarce and rough, and the walls were neither plas- 
tered nor papered. The cooking was done in the fireplace. This 
family lived very economically and saved considerable money in 
proportion to their income. 

The study began August 10, 1904, and continued fourteen days, 
with 42 meals. The members of the family, the weights and ages, 
and the number of meals taken, were as follows. 

[Bull. 221 j 



86 



Man. age 54 years, weight 156 pounds 

Woman, age 43 years, weight 139 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 

Girl, age 4 years, weight 50 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 

Girl, age 7 months, weight 26 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 



Meals. 
42 



84 
17 

13 



Total number of meals equivalent to 106 

Equivalent to 1 man for 35 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 651. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 9 pounds, 90 cents (12); salt, 7 


Dollars. 
1.60 


Cents. 
4.6 


Grams. 

7 


Grams. 
183 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1,657 








1.60 


4.6 | 7 


183 




1,657 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 19 pounds, 23 cents (33); 


1.11 
.36 


3.2 

1.0 


67 

4 


16 


533 
31 


2,542 
140 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 7.13 pounds, 14 cents (51); 
potatoes, white, 37 per cent refuse, 17.56 
pounds, 22 cents (62) 






Total vegetable food 


1.47 


4.2 71 16 


564 


2,682 




Total food 


3.07 


8.8 | 78 


199 


564 
1 


4,339 
4 


Food wasted 















Food actually eaten. 



3.07 



199 



563 



The protein supplied by this diet is 78 grams, just about the average 
amount for the series. The energy, 4,335 calories, is considerably 
above the average and even above the standard for moderate mus- 
cular work. This excess of energy seems mainly due to the large 
quantities of lard used, which rather indicate that most of the food 
was fried. Just about the average price was paid for the daily food 
supply. This diet was evidently economical and abundant as far as 
energy is concerned, but it was somewhat lacking in protein. The 
weights given for both children are half again as heavy as those of 
the majority at their ages. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 652. 

The widow whose dietary is here studied owned the house described 
in dietary No. 651, and lived alone in the unrented room, in which she 
cooked, ate, and slept. The furniture was poor, but seemed sufficient 
for her needs. She cooked in the fireplace. The farm contained 12 
acres of rough, poor land, located in a mountain ravine, and was 
valued at $100, but none of it was cultivated. The woman owned 
a cow valued at $18. She drew a pension of $12 per month. 

[Bull. 221] 



This study began August 10, 1904. and continued fourteen days. 
with 42 meals. The age and weight of the subject, and the number 
of meals taken, were as follows: 

M als 

Woman, age 74 years, weight 161 pounds (42 meals X 0. S meal of 

man . equivalent to 34 

Equivalent to 1 man for 11 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 652. 
Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). Cosr " nuiAaa ^^^ ae ° f f00d *" 

Kinds and amours. Cos:. Cost. g> Y .^ C^y- £gl_ 



AXTHAT. pood. 

Dairy products: Buner. 1 pound. 20 cents (21); 
buttermilk. 16-56 pounds, 10 cents (25): milk. 


Dollars. 
0.37 


3.4 


Grams. 
34 


Grams. 
39 


Grams. 
42 


Calories. 
651 






TotaI animal food 


.37 


3.4 


34 


3d 


42 


6-51 






VEGETABLE POOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal. 14 pounds. 17 cents (33) 

Vegetables: Potatoes, white.. 44 per cent refuse. 
9 pounds. 11 cents (62; 


.17 
.11 


1.0 


43 

5 


25 


3S1 
38 


1,919 

172 




_ o> 


2.5 


*8 


25 


419 


2.091 






Total food 

Food wasted 


' 


5.9 


V.O 


64 


3 


12 














Food actually eaten 


•: 


5.9 


82 


.4 


^ r > 


2. 730 



This dietary is remarkable for its simplicity: it consists entirely of 
corn meal, potatoes, buttermilk, skim milk, and butter, with no 
animal food but the dairy products. It yielded the equivalent of s 2 
grams of protein and 2.730 calories of energy per man per day. The 
protein is very hke the average for these studies, but the energy is 
much lower, chiefly because the small amount of butter used did not 
furnish so much as the pork and lard ordinarily eaten. The cost. 
5.9 cents, is very low. That the woman was sufficiently nourished 
is not much in question. Her diet was in all respects below the 
standard for-hght exercise, but she was old. and probably her require- 
ments were less than the standard calls for. From the description 
given, there seems no reason to suppose she could not buy food enough 
to satisfy her wants. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 653. 

This study was made in the family of a farmer who owned his farm. 
valued at $300. It included 90 acres of good land. 8 of which were 
cultivated. 2 of them as a garden. There was a good, dry bam. a good 
corncrib. and a eood smokehouse on the place. 

The old log house in which the family lived had two rooms, and 
was fairly well furnished for the neighborhood. 

[Bull. 221] 



88 

This study began August 10, 1904, and continued fourteen days. 
The ages and weights of the family, and the number of meals taken, 
were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 37 years, weight 171 pounds 42 

Woman, age 30 years, weight 167 pounds (42 meals X 0. 8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 16 years, weight 142 pounds (42 meals X 0. 8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 12 years, weight 109 pounds (42 meals X 0. 7 meal of man), 

equivalent to 29 

Boy, age 7 years, weight 69 pounds (42 meals X 0. 5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 7 months, weight 30 pounds (42 meals X 0. 3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 173 

Equivalent to 1 man for 57 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 653. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Bands and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 3 pounds, 30 cents (12); salt, 8 
pounds, 80 cents (14) 


Dollars. 
1.10 


Cents. 
1.9 


Grams. 
5 


Grams. 
71 


Grams. 


Calories. 
652 






Total animal food 


1.10 


1.9 


5 


71 




652 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 30 pounds, 36 cents (33); 
flour, wheat, 50.5 pounds, $1.21 (37). 


1.57 
.12 


2.8 
.2 


59 


14 


470 
16 


2,243 
64 


Sugars, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 2 pounds, 12 












Total vegetable food 


1.69 


3.0 59 


14 ' 486 


2,307 






Food actually eaten 


2.79 


4.9 64 


85 486 


2,959 















This dietary is almost as simple as the preceding one, as it consists 
only of corn meal, wheat flour, and salt pork, with lard for frying, and 
a little sugar. The amount of protein supplied is very small, only 
64 grams, while the energy, 2,959 calories, is hardly more than the 
standard for light muscular work. The head of the family probably 
did as much work as that indicated in the standard for moderate 
muscular work (3,400 calories). The children are all extremely 
heavy for their ages. The financial condition of the family does not 
appear to have been such that they could not afford more food if they 
needed it, especially as the amount expended (4.9 cents per man per 
day) is much lower than the average among such families. It seems 
probable that this family found their diet fairly satisfactory in spite 
of its poverty and monotony. 

[Bull. 221] 



89 

DIETARY STUDY No. 654. 

This study was made in the family of a sawmill operative who 
owned the farm on which they lived. The father and one son worked 
in the sawmill, each earning SI a day. The farm contained 13 acres 
of very poor land, valued at SI 50. They had a garden in which they 
raised various vegetables. The family lived in an old log house with 
two rooms, in one of which all the family slept. 

This study began August 10. 1904. and continued fourteen days. 
The ages and weights of the family, and the number of meals taken, 
were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man. age 57 years, weight ISO pounds 42 

Woman, age IS years, weight 172 pounds (42 meals X 0.S meal of man . 

equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 16 years, weight 140 pounds -42 meals X 0.9 meal of man), 

equivalent to 33 

Girl, age 11 years, weight 111 pound- 42 meals X 0.6 meal of man . 

equivalent to 25 

Girl, age S years, weight SS pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 7 years, weight 64 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man . 

equivalent to 21 

Boy, age 4 months, weight 16 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man . 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 194 

Equivalent to 1 man for 64 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 654. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost. 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates". 


Fuel 
value. 


AXIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard. 456 pounds. 46 cents (12 : salt, 


Dollars. 
1.06 


1.7 


Gra ms. 
3 


Grams. 
63 


Grams. 


Calories. 
•573 








1.03 


1.7 


3 


63 




573 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 3S.5 pounds, 46 cents (33); 
flour, 47 pounds. $1.13 37 ... 


1.59 

. 25 
.45 


2.5 

. 4 


- 


15 

i 


439 

34 
13 


2 106 


Sugars, etc.: Sugar, brown, 5.06 pounds. 25 
cent- 44 . . ... 


13»3 


Vegetables: Corn, green, 9 pounds. 45 cents (52). . 


69 


Total vegetable food 


2.29 


3.6 


56 


16 


486 


2.311 






Total food 


3.35 


5.3 


59 


79 


4S6 

1 


2.884 


Food wasted 


4 














Food actuallv eaten 


3.35 


5.3 


59 


79 


4S5 


2,880 






[Bull. 221] 















90 

The amount of protein supplied in tins dietary is a trifle smaller 
even than that in the preceding study, and is hardly more than one- 
half the amount called for by the standard for light muscular work. 
The energy is slightly less than the amount required by that standard. 
The men of the family probably did at least moderate muscular work, 
for which the standard requirements are 125 grams of protein and 
3,400 calories of energy. The cost of the food, 5.3 cents per man per 
<Jav, is very slightly higher than in study No. 653, the difference being 
mainly due to the green corn used in the present case. This corn 
adds a pleasant variety to the very monotonous fare, but does not 
furnish protein or energy so economically as the other foods con- 
sumed. It seems a little strange that this family should not have 
used more of the green vegetables which must have been ripening in 
their garden at the time the study was made. Their financial con- 
dition was fully as good as the average in these studies, and if, as 
seems almost inevitable, they were not sufficiently nourished, it must 
have happened without discomfort or they would have increased 
their diet. The adults and the children appear unusually heavy. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 655. 

This study was made in the family of a sawmill operative who 
earned $1 a day in the mill, as did also each of his two sons. They 
paid $1.50 a month rent for their place, which contained 11 acres of 
poor mountain land, 10 acres of which were planted with corn and 
one with green vegetables. 

The house contained two rooms and had two windows. One room 
served as a sleeping room for the entire family, and in the other they 
ate and cooked. The furniture was fairly good. The family dressed 
very poorly. 

This study began August 24, 1904, and continued fourteen days. 
The ages and weights of the family, and the number of meals taken, 
were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 47 years, weight 177 pounds 42 

Woman, age 50 years, weight 141 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 34 

Man, age 22 years, weight 170 pounds 42 

Boy, age 17 years, weight 159 pounds 42 

Girl, age 15 years, weight 140 pounds (42 meals X 0.7 meal of man), 

equivalent to 29 

Girl, age 10 years, weight 89 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Total number of meals equivalent to 214 

Equivalent to 1 man for 71 days. 
[Bull. 221] 



91 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 655. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 3.19 pounds, 32 cents (12); salt, 9 


Dollars. 
1.22 


Cents. 
1.7 


Grams. 
4 


Grams. 
63 


Grams. 


Calories. 
577 












1.22 


1.7 4 


63 




577 












VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 37 pounds, 44 cents (33); 
flour, 54.5 pounds, SI. 31 (37) 


1.75 
.30 


2.5 
.4 


53 


13 


427 
36 


2,036 


Sugars, etc.: Sugar, brown, 6 pounds, 30 cents 
(44) .. 


144 












2.05 


2.9 


53 


13 


463 


2,180 






Total food 


3.27 


4.6 


57 


76 


463 

1 


2,757 


Food wasted 


4 
















3.27 


4.6 


57 


76 


462 


2,753 







The general character of this dietary is very similar to the preceding 
one, except that it is a little more generous in all respects; neverthe- 
less, it still ranks among the poorest. Here again the family were in 
comparatively easy circumstances and had no apparent need of living 
so cheaply (4.6 cents per day). With vegetables ripening in their 
own garden, they might easily have obtained more variety in their 
food if they had craved it. It seems almost impossible that they 
should have been properly nourished with 57 grams of protein and 
2,753 calories of energy per man per day, but equally impossible that 
they should have felt much discomfort. The children weigh notice- 
ably more than the average for their ages. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 656. 

This study was made with a pensioner and his wife, who received 
$10 per month and who lived on a rented place for which they paid 
$2 per month. The lot contained 4 acres of very good land, which 
was planted in corn and beans the year of the study. Their home 
was the typical log cabin of this vicinity. 

This study began August 10, 1904, and continued fourteen days. 
The ages and weights of the family, and the number of meals taken, 
were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 55 years, weight 180 pounds 42 

Woman, age 52 years, weight 153 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 
equivalent to 34 

Total number of meals equivalent to 76 

Equivalent to 1 man for 25 days. 
[Bull. 221] 



92 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 656. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- Fuel 
hydrates. ; value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 


Dollars. 
0.15 


Cents. 
0.6 


Grams. 


Grams. 
27 


Grams. 


Calories. 
240 










.15 


.6 




27 


240 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 15.19 pounds, 18 cents (33); 
flour, 18 pounds, 43 cents (37) 


.61 
.12 


2.4 
.5 


50 


15 


436 
40 


2,078 


Sugars, etc. : Sugar, brown, 2.31 pounds, 12 cents 
(44) 


160 












Total vegetable food 


.73 


2.9 


50 


15 ! 476 


2,238 






Total food 


.88 


3.5 


50 


42 476 


2,478 


Food wasted 




2 


8 














.88 


3.5 


50 


42 474 


2,470 











This dietary is the cheapest of all those studied; it also ranks 
among the poorest in nutritive value, although it supplies more nutri- 
ents for less money than No. 658 and possibly No. 657. It is peculiar 
in that there is no animal food but lard; preparations of corn meal 
and wheat flour and a little brown sugar were the only articles used. 
It supplied 50 grams of protein and 2,470 calories of energy, or about 
half the protein and five-sixths of the energy required by the standard 
for light muscular work. Although probably neither the man nor 
his wife did very hard work, it seems likely that their food was insuffi- 
cient according to the common standard. On the other hand, they 
obtained better returns in nutrients for the money expended than 
most, because they depended on the cheap cereal foods rather than on 
the more expensive pork for their protein. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 657. 



The head of the family here studied kept a store for dry goods, coal 
oil, and household goods. Besides his home place, which contained 
70 acres of poor land and 10 acres of timber land, a log house, and a 
large barn, together valued at $300, he owned a sawmill, two horses, 
two cows, and twelve ducks. The house had three rooms, one used 
as a living or sleeping room, another as kitchen and dining room, 
while the third was reserved for the store (PI. IV, fig. 1). 

The weights and ages of the family, and the number of meals taken, 
follow. 

[Bull. 221] 



U. S. Dept. of Agr, Bui. 221, Office of Expt. Statior 



Plate IV. 




Fig. 1.— Home of Storekeeper. Dietary Study No. 657. 




Fig. 2.— Home of Sawmill Operative. Dietary Study No. 658. 



93 



Man, age 36 years, weight 158 pounds 42 

Woman, age 32 years, weight 161 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 10 years, weight 80 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Boy, age 7 years, weight 50 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Girl, age 1^ years, weight 25 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 135 

Equivalent to 1 man for 45 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 657. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard. 3.5 pounds, 25 cents (12) 


Dollars. 
0.25 


Cents. 
0.6 


Grams. 


Grams. 
34 


Grams. 


Calories. 
303 








Total animal food 


.25 


.6 


34 




303 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 18 pounds, 22 cents (33); 
flour, 37 pounds, 89 cents (37) 


1.11 
.18 

.44 


2.5 

.4 

1.0 


51 


11 


410 
30 

40 


1.992 


Sugars, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 3 pounds, 18 
cents (45) 


123 


Vegetables: Beans, string. 13.25 pounds, 18 cents, 
(47); onions. 2 pounds, 4 cents (57): potatoes, 
white. 43 per cent refuse, 10 pounds. 13 cents 
(62): potatoes, sweet, 24 per cent refuse, 8.5 
pounds, 9 cents (68) 




1 


193 








Total vegetable food 


1.73 


3. 9 56 


12 


480 


2,308 






Total food 


1.98 


4.5 


56 


46 


480 
2 


2.611 


Food wasted 


8 














Food actuallv eaten 


1.98 


4.5 


56 


46 


478 


2.603 







This dietary also ranks among the cheapest and poorest. Both 
the protein (56 grams) and the energy (2,611 calories) supplied are 
far below the average for these studies as well as below the standard 
for light muscular work. The diet was practically vegetarian, lard 
being the only animal product in it. Corn meal and flour were the 
main foods used, but there was an unusual variety of fresh vegeta- 
bles as well. The amount of nutrients supplied compares very 
favorably with those in other studies where the cost was equally low, 
and the use of fresh vegetables made this diet much less monotonous 
than most of those in this series, even where considerably more money 
was expended. That this diet was sufficient for the best develop- 
ment of the family seems doubtful, but here, as in many of these 
studies, the children are of fully normal weight, and there is no reason 
to suppose that the family found the fare especially irksome. 

[Bull. 221] 



94 



DIETARY STUDY No. 658. 

This study was made in the family of a sawmill operative. The 
man earned $1 a day at the mill and had steady work. He rented 
the house in which he lived for $1 a month. There were about 50 
acres of land in the farm, which were not cultivated. The family 
lived in a log house with one room (PL IV, fig. 2) ; in it were two 
large beds, three rough chairs, one small dining table with an oilcloth 
cover, an old cook stove, and a large fireplace. 

The study began August 24, 1904, and continued fourteen days 
with 42 meals. The members of the family, and the number of meals 
taken, were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 27 years, weight 180 pounds 42 

Woman, age 19 years, weight 130 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 14 months, weight 16 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of 

man), equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 89 

Equivalent to 1 man for 30 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 658. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 1.5 pounds, 15 cents (12); salt, 5 
pounds, 50 cents (14) 


Dollars. 
0.65 


Cents. 
2.3 


Grams. 
6 


Grams. 
81 


Grams. 


Calories. 
745 








Total animal food 


.65 


2.3 


6 


81 





745 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 10 pounds, 12 cents (33); 
flour, 18 pounds, 43 cents (37) 


.55 
.15 


1.9 
.5 


40 


9 


322 
45 


1,528 


Sugars, etc.: Sugar, brown, 3 pounds, 15 cents 
(44) 


180 










Total vegetable food 


.70 


2.4~ 


40 


9 


367 


1.708 








1.35 


4. 7 46 1 QO 


367 


2,453 













The amount of protein (46 grams) supplied by the diet here 
reported is without any exception the smallest in any of these studies. 
The study also ranks as the very lowest in regard to the energy 
(2,453 calories) supplied. The cost was almost exactly the same as 
in the preceding one, 4.5 cents; the food included a little salt pork in 
the place of part of the cereals, which brought up the price without an 
equivalent return in protein and carbohydrates; the amount of fat 
supplied is, however, larger than in dietary study No. 657. What 
has been said concerning the adequacy of the diets in the last few 
studies applies also here, save that in this case the weight of the 
child was slightly below the normal. 

[Bull. 221] 



95 

DIETARY STUDY No. 659. 

The family here studied consisted of a widow and three daughters. 
They made their living by selling vegetables which they raised in a 
garden of an acre and a half. They lived in an old log house of two 
rooms, simply furnished. 

The study began September 7, 1904, and continued fourteen days 
with 42 meals. The members of the family, and the number of meals 
taken, were as follows: 

Meals. 
Woman, age 53 years, weight 141 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Woman, age 23 years, weight 136 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Woman, age 19 years, weight 147 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 10 years, weight 87 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Total number of meals equivalent to 127 

Equivalent to 1 man for 42 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 659. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 3.06 pounds, 30 cents (12); salt, 9.44 
pounds, 94 cents (14) 


Dollars. 
1.24 


Cents. 
2.9 


Grams. 
8 


Grams. 
108 


Grams. 


Calories. 
993 








Total animal food 


1.24 


2.9 8 


108 




993 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 21.5 pounds, 26 cents (33); 
flour, 39 pounds, 94 cents (37) 


1.20 


2.9 


60 


14 


481 


2,289 




Total vegetable food 


1.20 


2.9 


60 


14 


481 


2,289 






Food actually eaten 


2.44 


5.8 


68 


122 


481 


3,282 





This dietary is in all respects slightly poorer than the average, 
although it supplied more nutrients and cost more than the last six 
or seven reported. The most noticeable feature is perhaps the com- 
paratively large amount of fat, 122 grams, in proportion to the other 
nutrients, which brings up the fuel value to 3,282 calories, about the 
amount called for by the standard for moderate muscular work. 
The protein (68 grams), on the other hand, is about one-half that 
required by that standard. The muscular labor required for the 
cultivation of the vegetable garden by which these women earned 
their living would probably amount to that indicated by this stand- 
ard. The cost of this diet, 5.8 cents, is about the same as that in 

[Bull. 221] 



96 

study No. 052, which was that of a widow living alone; in that case 
more protein, but less energy, was supplied, a difference due to the 
use of milk in the place of the pork here consumed. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 660. 

The man in whose family this study was made worked out as a 
farm hand, and his income, therefore, varied with the season. He 
owned the little hilly farm on which they lived and cultivated a good- 
sized vegetable garden. The house was built of logs and contained 
two rooms with no windows. 

This study began September 7, 1904, and continued fourteen days. 
The ages and weights of the family, and the number of meals taken, 
were as follows : 

Meals. 

Man, age 32 years, weight 160 pounds 42 

Woman, age 23 years, weight 138 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 8 months, weight 32 pounds (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), 

equivalent to 13 

Total number of meals equivalent to 89 

Equivalent to 1 man for 29 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 660. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 3.31 pounds, 33 cents (12); salt, 11 
pounds, $1.10 (14). .. 


Dollars. 
1.43 


Cents. 
4.7 


Grains. 
13 


Grams. 
172 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1,583 








1.43 


4.7 


13 


172 




1,583 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 29 pounds, 35 cents (33); 
flour, 21.5 pounds, 52 cents (37) 


.87 
.21 


2.9 
^7 


66 
3 


22 


542 
73 


2,628 
304 


Sugars, etc.: Molasses, 7 pounds, 21 cents (43). . . 


Total vegetable food 


1.08 


3.6 


69 


22 


615 


2,932 






Food actually eaten 


2.51 


8.3 


82 


194 


615 


4,515 







The protein supplied by the diet here reported (82 grams) is slightly 
above the average for these studies. The amounts of fat and carbohy- 
drates are even greater in proportion, and the total energy is 4,515 
calories, or about one-third more than that called for by the standard 
for moderate muscular work, such as that performed by the man of 
the family. The cost of the food, 8.3 cents, is high for this series, and 
almost as high as the average for the town studies, 8.7 cents. This 
diet furnished protein as cheaply as the majority, and energy more 
cheaply, but there was no variety obtained with the extra price, the 
fare being the simple "hog and hominy" typical of the region. 

[Bull. 221] 



97 

DIETARY STUDY No. 661. 

The family whose dietary is here reported consisted of a sawmill 
operative, his wife, and three children. The man earned 75 cents a 
day at the mill. He owned his place, which was valued at $60, and 
a cow worth SIS. There were 2 acres of good land in the lot; 
one-half of this was a garden, where several kinds of vegetables were 
raised. The house was an old log house with two rooms fairly well 
furnished, according to local standards. 

This study began September 7, 1904, and continued fourteen days. 
The members of the family, and the number of meals taken, were as 
follows : 

Meals. 

Man, age 38 years, weight 154 pounds 42 

Woman, age 26 years, weight 140 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man I, equivalent to 34 

Girl, ase 7 years, weight 61 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man;, 

equivalent to r 21 

Boy. age 5 years, weight 40 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Boy, age 2 years, weight 29 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 

Total number of meals equivalent to 131 

Equivalent to 1 man for 44 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 661. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 day- 


Cost. 


Tutrients. and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard. 3.44 pounds. 34 cents (12>; salt, 7 
pounds, 70 cents ' 14 | 


Dollars. 
1.04 

.93 


Cents. 
2.4 

2.2 


Grams. 
6 

16 


Grams. 
90 

29 


Grams. 


Calories. 
825 


Dairy products: Butter, 3.06 pounds. 60 cents 
(21 j: buttermilk. 30 pounds. 19 cents (2.5): 
milk, skimmed , 18 pounds. 14 cents (31 ) 


20 


402 


Total animal food 


1.97 


4.6 


22 


119 


20 


1,227 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal. 20 pounds, 24 cents (33); 
flour, 41 pounds, 98 cents (37) 


..22 

.24 


2.8 
.6 


60 

2 


13 



476 
58 


2,262 


Sugars, etc.: Molasses, 8 pounds, 24 cents (43).. . 


240 


Total vegetable food 


1. 16 


3.4 


62 


13 


534 


2,502 






Total food 


3.43 


8.0 


84 


132 


554 

1 


3,729 


Food wasted 


4 












Food actually f-iten 


3-43 




84 


132 


553 


3,725 







The daily supply of protein in this diet, 84 grams, is slightly higher 
than the average for this series, but noticeably lower than the stand- 
ard even for persons without muscular work. The energy, however. 
is more than that called for bv the standard for moderately active 



9180— P» till. 221—09 7 



98 

muscular work. The cost is relatively low, especially considering 
the variety of dairy products used. Except for the latter, the diet 
shows only five articles of food. With a vegetable garden of their own 
these people could undoubtedly have had a greater variety for very 
little extra cost, and could probably have afforded it if they had 
wished it. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 662. 

This study was made in the family of a farmer who owned 126 acres 
of good land, valued at $1,500, and who worked on the place himself, 
raising corn and wheat. He also owned two cows, three good mules, 
and good wagons, tools, and outhouses. 

The house was a frame building of three rooms, unusually well 
furnished; one room served as bedroom, another as dining room, and 
the third as kitchen. The house was in every way better than was 
usual in this region. The wife did the housework, and the children 
went to school. 

The ages and weights of the family, and the number of meals taken, 
were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 37 years, weight 176 pounds 42 

Woman, age 28 years, weight 140 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man) , equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 10 years, weight 90 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25 

Boy, age 6 years, weight 60 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21 

Total number of meals equivalent to 122 

Equivalent to 1 man for 41 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 662. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cost. 



Cost. 



Pro- 
tein. 



v „ + Carbohy- 
* aT - drates. 



Fuel 
value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 



Pork: Salt, 9 pounds, 90 cents (14) 

Dairy products: Butter, 3 pounds, 30 cents (21); 
buttermilk, 20 pounds, 13 cents (25); milk, 
skimmed, 37 pounds, 28 cents (31) 



Dollars. 
0.90 



Cents. 
2.2 



Grams. 



Grams. 
73 



30 



Grams. 



Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 39.31 pounds, 47 cents (33); 
flour, 57 pounds, $1.37 (37) 



Total vegetable food . 



Total food . 
Food wasted 



Food actually eaten. 



3.45 



125 



28 



Calories. 
682 



463 



1.61 | 


3.9 


29 


103 


28 | 


1,145 


1.84 


4.5 


96 


24 


___ 


3.706 


1.84 | 


4.5 


96 


24 


777 


3.706 


3.45 | 


8.4 


125 


127 


805 


4.S51 
4 














804 I 



4.S47 



[Bull. 221] 



99 



This is one of the few dietary studies in which the protein supplied 
(125 grams) equals the amount required by the standard for moderate 
muscular work. It shows, however, a considerable excess of the 
energy -producing foods, especially of carbohydrates, having a fuel 
value of 4,847 calories, about 1,500 more than the standard. Dairy 
products were used by this family, and also an unusually large amount 
of cereals. The cost was 8.4 cents, slightly higher than in the 
majority of these studies. In respect to amount and proportion of 
nutrients and real economy as judged by ordinary standards, this 
diet is one of the best of the seventy here reported. The children 
were both heavy for their age. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 663. 

This study was made in the family of a sawmill operative who 
earned 75 cents a day. They lived in the two rear rooms of a four- 
room frame house (see study No. 665) which they rented for $1 a 
month. 

This study began September 21, 1904, and continued fourteen days. 
The ages and weights of the family, and the number of meals taken, 
were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 20 years, weight 150 pounds 42 

Woman, age 18 years, weight 147 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 2 years, weight 37 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 17 



Total number of meals equivalent to. 
Equivalent to 1 man for 31 days. 



93 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients 


in dietary study No. 


663. 




Food consumed during trie entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 


Dollars. 
0.75 


Cents. 
2.4 


Grams. 
9 


Grams. 
SO 


Grams. 


Calories. 
748 












.75 


2.4 


9 | 80 




748 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 20 pounds, 24 cents (33); 


.89 

.77 


2.9 
2.5 


62 
18 


16 

2 


500 

n 


2,390 


Vegetables: Beans, dried. 3 pounds, 15 cents (48); 
potatoes, white, 2 ( ) per cent refuse, 19 pounds, 
24 cents (62); sauerkraut, 19 pounds, 38 cents 
(67) 


386 








1.6G 


5.4 


80 | 18 


574 


2,776 




Food actually eaten 


2.41 


7.8 


89 1 98 


574 


3,524 









Eighty-nine grams of protein were supplied in this dietary, 7 grams 
more than the average. The fat consumed is a little less than usual, 
but the carbohydrates run higher than in most cases, so that the total 

[Bull. 221] 



100 

energy, 3,524 calories, is not much below the average for this series 
and slightly below the average for all the studies and slightly above 
the standard for moderate muscular work. The food cost 7.8 cents, 
slightly more than the average for this series, but less than the 
total average for all three series. Its chief peculiarity lies in the 
variety of vegetables which it contains; dried beans, it may be noted, 
furnished as much protein as salt pork, the only animal food in the 
list. While it is deficient in protein as judged by the usual standard, 
it furnishes an excellent example of the better type of the present 
studies. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 664. 

This study was made in the family of a farmer who earned $15 a 
month cultivating a large farm for another man. He owned his 
place, valued at $500, and cultivated 30 of his 90 acres of land, 
raising corn, sweet potatoes, and white potatoes. He owned two 
mules, worth $90 each, a buggy, and a wagon. He and his wife 
lived alone in a frame house of two rooms. 

The study began September 21, 1904, and continued fourteen days. 
The members of the family, and the number of meals taken, were as 
follows : 

Meals. 

Man, age 67 years, weight 150 pounds 42 

Woman, age 59 years, weight 136 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 
man), equivalent to 34 

Total number of meals equivalent to 76 

Equivalent to 1 man for 25 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 664. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, ] 


nutrient;: 

] 


, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


r t Carbohv- Fuel 
dU drates*. value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Salt, 10 pounds, SI (14) 


Dollars. I Cents. 
1.00 ' 4.0 

.71 ! 2.8 


Grams. 
15 

1 


Grams. 
133 


Grams. Calories. 
1,244 


Dairy products: Butter, 3.56 pounds, 71 cents (21). 


53 


476 


Total animal food 


1.71 J 6.8 


16 1 186 


1,720 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 


.48 
.30 


1.9 

1.2 


37 4 282 1.312 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 6 pounds, 30 cents (48). 


22 2 68 378 


Total vegetable food 


.78 


3.1 1 59 6 350 1.690 








2.49 


9.9 75 192 1 350 3.410 













This dietary furnishes smaller amounts of nutrients for the money 
expended than any other here studied. The cost, 9.9 cents, is 2.5 
cents above the average for the present series and 1.1 cents above 
that for all the studies. The protein supplied is only 75 grams, 7 

[Bull. 221] 



101 

grams less than the average, while the energy, 3,410 calories, is 300 
calories below the average for this series and about 250 below that 
for the 63 studies. The amount of carbohydrates is the very 
lowest of all the studies. These peculiarities seem due to the fact 
that butter is used in the place of lard, and that no corn meal and 
not very great quantities of wheat flour are included. The defi- 
ciency in protein is especially surprising because considerable quan- 
tities of dried beans are employed, an economical source of that 
expensive nutrient. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 665. 

This dietary is that of a farmer's family. The man owned 90 
acres of good land valued at 8300, and cultivated his farm. He 
owned two mules, a wagon, and a buggy, together valued at 8200. 

This family lived in the two front rooms of the frame house 
described in dietary study No. 663. 

The study began September 21, 1904, and continued fourteen days. 
The ages and weights of the familv, and the number of meals taken, 
were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 64 years, weight 175 pounds 42 

Woman, age 59 years, weight 140 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 34 

Girl, age 15 years, weight 97 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 34 

Boy, age 5 years, weight 41 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man\ 

equivalent to 17 

Total number of meals equivalent to 127 

Equivalent to 1 man for 42 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 665. 



T ood consumed during the entire study (1-4 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel yalue of food per 

man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates* 


Fuel 
yalue. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard. 4.0(1 pounds, 40 cents (12); salt, 11 
pounds, SI. 10 (14) 


Dollars. 
1.50 

1.05 


Cents. 
3.6 

2.:, 


Grams. 
9 

37 


Grams. 
131 

33 


Grams. 


Calorics. 

1,202 

638 


Dairy products: Butter, 3.19 pounds, 32 cents 
(21); buttermilk, 47 pounds, 29 cents (25); 
milk, skimmed, 58 pounds, 44 cents (31) 


49 


Total animal food 


2.55 


6.1 


4fi 


164 


49 


1,840 








\EGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 31 pounds, 37 cents (33); 
flour, 47.5 pounds, Q 1.14 (37) 


1.51 

.26 


3.6 
.6 


77 


19 


620 
46 


2. ( .).",7 


Sugars, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 4.31 pounds, 26 
cents (45) 


184 












Total vegetable food 


1.77 


4.2 | 77 


19 


666 


3,141 






Food actually eaten 


4.32 


10.3 


123 


183 


716 


4,981 





[Bull. 221] 



102 



The amount of protein furnished in this, 123 grams, is one of the 
highest reported in the seventy studies, and is a trifle greater than 
the standard for moderate muscular work; it is about 50 per cent 
higher than the average for these studies. The amount of energy 
supplied is also notably in excess of both the average and the stand- 
ard, but this difference is not so unusual as in the case of the protein. 
The cost is 10.3 cents, 3 cents more than the average for the present 
series and 1.5 cents more than the general average. These differ- 
ences in cost and amount of nutrients seem to be due to the use of 
dairy products and unusually large quantities of the other food 
materials. Dietary studies Nos. 640 and 662 reported as large 
amounts of protein and rather better proportions of energy at slightly 
less cost, but otherwise the present diet is among the best of all the 
series. According to the generally accepted standards, its chief 
weakness is the excess of fats and carbohydrates. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 666. 

The subjects of this study were a laborer and his wife. The man 
earned 50 cents a day clearing land. They paid $1 a month rent 
for 70 acres of timber land, a garden lot, and a log house of one room. 
Their furniture consisted of two large beds, a small dining table, a 
small clock, a trunk, and four rough chairs. The cooking was done 
in the fireplace. They owned no live stock. 

This study began September 21, 1904, and continued fourteen days. 
The members of the family, and the number of meals taken, were as 
follows : 



Man, age 38 years, weight 178 pounds 42 

Woman, age 32 years, weight 161 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 
man), equivalent to 34 

Total number of meals equivalent to 76 

Equivalent to 1 man for 25 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 666. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Salt, 14 pounds, $1.40 (14) 


Dollars. 
1.40 


Cents. 
5.6 


Grams. 
20 


Grams. 
186 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1,735 










1.40 


5.6 


20 


1S6 




1.735 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 41 pounds, 49 cents (33); 


1.09 
.10 


4.4 
.4 


101 
2 


36 


843 
5 


4,096 


Vegetables: Beans, butter, 1 pound, 10 cents (46) . 


28 




1.19 


4.8 


103 


36 


848 


4.124 






Total food 


2.59 


10.4 


123 


222 


848 
3 


5.S59 




12 
















2.59 


10.4 


123 


222 


S45 


5,S47 







[Bull. 221] 



103 

The diet here reported has very much the same nutritive value as 
that described in the preceding study, save that it contains still 
larger quantities of fat and carbohydrates, with correspondingly 
greater fuel value, 5,847 calories. Its most striking feature is the 
amount of cereals, especially of corn meal, used, 101 grams of the 
total protein and 4,096 calories of the total energy coming from this 
source. The quantities of salt pork are also unusually large. The 
cost, 10.4 cents, is practically the same as in study Xo. 665. The 
diet in study Xo. 665 is, however, slightly superior, mainly because 
its fuel value is less excessive and because its dairy products gave it 
more variety, but Xo. 662 surpassed them both in economy as well 
as in the proportion of nutrients. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 667. 

This study was made in the family of a farmer regarding whose 
occupation and income little is reported. This family lived in a good 
frame house of five rooms, for which they paid S4 a month rent. The 
sitting room contained one large lounge, four rocking chairs, a book- 
case, and a small fireplace. There was a carpet on the floor, and the 
two windows had shades and curtains. Another room had two good 
beds, a small clock, three good chairs, a carpet, and two windows 
with shades and curtains. The third room was the dining room: in 
it were a small dining table with a linen cover, four good dining chairs, 
and two windows. The fourth room was the kitchen: there were in 
this room a cook stove, a small table used for dishes, a wood box, and 
two small windows with shades. The fifth room was a small room 
used for a storage room. There were 2 acres of land used for a gar- 
den, which was productive. The family owned a horse and buggy 
and a dog. 

This stud}' began September 24, 1904, and continued fourteen days. 
The members of the family, and the number of meals taken, wore as 
follows : 



Man, age 54 years, weight 167 pounds 42 

Woman, age 56 years, weight 159 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 
man), equivalent to 34 

Total number of meals equivalent to 7G 

Equivalent to 1 man for 25 days. 
[Bull. UL'l J 



104 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 667. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat, 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Lard, 3.31 pounds, 33 cents (12); salt, 6 


Dollars. 
0.93 


Cents. 
3.7 
1.2 


Grams. 
9 


Grams. 
140 
22 


Grams. 


Calories. 

1,282 

196 


Dairy products: Butter, 1.5 pounds, 30cents(21). 


.30 










1.23 


4.9 


9 


162 




1,478 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 19 pounds, 23 cents (33); 


.87 
.30 


3.5 
1.2 


74 

1 


19 


601 


2 869 


Fruits:' Jelly, apple, 3 pounds, 30 cents (76) 


42 172 




1.17 


4.7 


75 


19 


643 3. 041 






Total food 


2.40 


9.6 


84 


181 


643 4, 519 




3 12 
















2.40 


9.6 


84 


181 


640 : 4.507 









This dietary shows a supply of protein, 84 grams, slightly higher 
than the average and noticeably higher fuel value, 4,507 calories. 
Its cost is 9.6, or 2.2 cents more than the average for these studies. 
Considering the amount of protein furnished, this sum seems unduly 
large; it is to be accounted for mainly by the butter and apple jelly 
used. This is the only one of the present series of studies where 
fruit in any form was found. Nothing was reported regarding the 
income of this family, but judging from the house in which they lived 
they were in unusually comfortable circumstances. Evidently, then, 
they can have been conscious of no discomfort from lack of quantity 
or variety in their food, and, as in several of the studies of this series, 
one is forced to conclude that habit makes it possible to live com- 
fortably on a much simpler diet than is ordinarily considered pala- 
table. The question of the deficiency in protein is the same here as 
in most of these studies and will be discussed in a later section. 



SUMMARY OF THE STUDIES. 

The table on page 105 gives the amounts of protein, fats, carbohy- 
drates, and energy furnished per man per day in these studies, and 
also the cost of the food. 

The results of study No. 626 were not included in calculating the 
averages for these studies because the cost and general character of 
the diet (see p. 57) are very unlike the others. 

Leaving it out of consideration, the cost of food ranged from 3.5 
cents to 15.9 cents per man per day, the protein supplied ran from 
46 to 137 grams, and the energy from 2,453 to 5,847 calories per man 
per day. 

[Bull. 221] 



105 

Summary of results of dietary studies Nos. 604-667 on per man per day basis. 



Average of 4 studies 



No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 



♦no. 
611. 
612. 
613. 
614. 
615. 
616. 
617. 
618. 
619. 
620. 
621. 
622. 
623. 
624. 
625. 
(126' 
627. 
628. 
629. 
630. 
631. 
632. 
633. 
634. 
635. 
636. 
637. 
63$. 
',39. 
640. 
641. 
642. 
643. 
644. 
645. 
646. 
647. 
MS. 



Average of 40 studies. 
Average of 44 studies. 



STUDIES IX REMOTE DISTRICTS. 



No. 649. 
No. 650. 
No. 651. 
No. 652. 
No. 653. 
No. 654. 
No. 655. 
No. 656. 
No. 657. 
No. 658. 
No. 659. 
No. 660. 
No. 661. 
No. 662. 
No. 663. 
No. 664. 
No. 665. 
No. 666. 
No. 667. 



Average of 19 studies. 
Average of 63 studios. 

[Bull. 221 I 







Dietary study. 


i Cost. 

! 


Protein. 


Fats. 


Carbohy- 
drates"'. 


Energy. 






STUDIES 


NEAR 


TOWNS. 


Cents. 


Grams. 


Grams. 


Grams. 


Calories. 


No 


604.... 








9. 3 


93 


142 


681 


4,360 


Xo 


605.... 








6. 4 


80 


60 


446 


2,638 


No. 


606.... 








1 12.7 


86 


130 


533 


3,633 


No. 


607.... 








6. 5 


99 


95 


504 


3,257 



8.7 



10.7 
9.3 
6 



9.3 



9.3 



12. 



5.8 
8.7 
8.0 
8.4 



7.4 



s.s 



76 
83 
86 
115 
59 
88 
52 
81 
69 
83 
70 

90 

107 
99 

101 

122 

124 
67 
79 

137 
81 
53 
90 
70 
85 

105 
72 
83 

116 
87 

124 
82 
87 
83 
73 
75 
59 
69 



N,-» 



S5 



114 
91 
78 
82 
64 
59 
57 
50 
56 
46 
68 
84 
84 

125 



123 
123 

84 



84 



107 



93 

129 
84 
196 
102 
100 
137 
74 
52 



26 
103 

69 
155 
224 
101 
227 
332 

67 
101 
155 
135 

58 
108 

89 
162 
165 
104 
119 
178 
147 
127 
120 
124 

67 
123 

69 
147 
179 
153 



lis 



117 



197 
145 
199 

64 

85 

79 

76 

42 

46 

90 

122 

200 

132 

127 

98 

192 

183 

222 

1M 



i:;i 



121 



541 



420 
437 
518 
556 
484 
389 
497 
440 
472 
622 
598 
607 
635 
606 
654 
616 
547 
605 
743 
463 



503 
461 
707 
497 
673 
753 
517 
703 
803 
651 
643 
520 
687 
776 
433 
493 
402 
390 
648 



567 



565 



690 
574 
563 
458 
486 
485 
462 
474 
478 
367 
481 
636 
553 
804 
574 
350 
716 
845 
640 



563 



3,472 



2,747 
3,200 
3,151 
4,312 
3,303 
2,682 
3,559 
2,626 
2,675 
3,645 
3,605 
2,939 
3,765 
3,398 
4,423 
4,854 
3,491 
4,928 
6,423 
2,716 
3,167 
5,039 
3,537 
2,572 
4,149 
3,060 
4,474 
4,900 
3,282 
4,203 
5,260 
4,260 
4,198 
3,475 
4,200 
4,032 
3,119 
2,886 
3, 152 
3,429 
4,297 



3,650 



4,970 
3,951 
4,335 
2,730 
2,959 
2,880 
2, 753 
2,470 
2,603 
2,453 
3,282 
4, 660 
3,725 
4,847 
3,524 
3,410 
4,981 
5,847 
4, 507 



3,731 
3,674 



a Omitted from average. 



106 

COST OF NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY. 

One of the most interesting points brought out in the table (p. 105) 
is the relation of the cost of food to the condition of the family and 
to the amount of nutrients and energy supplied. 

The occupation of the wage-earners apparently has little effect 
upon either the amount or the kind of food purchased; the best- 
nourished families were by no means those in which the men did 
the severest work, nor do the families of farmers who cultivate their 
own land, including gardens, use as a rule a greater variety of vege- 
tables than those who must pay cash for all their supplies. 

There also seems to be little connection between the size of the 
income and the amount spent for food. The money thus used can 
not, of course, exceed the income, but in many cases the families in 
the best financial condition spent very little for food, while those of 
very poor means often spent more than the average. Of the four 
diets which cost less than 5 cents per person per day none were from 
families described as poor. Two were undoubtedly in good circum- 
stances. Exclusive of the families whose condition was not deter- 
mined, there were seventeen who paid 10 cents or more for their 
food, and only one of these is ranked as good, while three rank as 
poor. The average cost among those classed as poor is 8.2 cents, 
among all, 8.8 cents. Evidently, then, extreme poverty does not 
tend to reduce the cost of food in all cases, but comparatively easy 
circumstances do not raise it above the average. These facts are 
especially noticeable in the studies made in the remote districts. 

But if there is no fixed relation between the cost of food and the 
income, there is a certain degree of uniformity between the amount 
spent and the nutrients and energy obtained. This can not, of 
course, be demonstrated in every individual case, but there is a de- 
cided tendency in the dietaries to show more protein and energy 
where more money is expended. 

In only 12 of the studies included in computing average results 
did the amount of protein supplied per man per day exceed 100 
grams; the lowest cost in these studies was 8.4 cents, but in all of 
them except this one the cost exceeded 9.3 cents. In the 33 studies 
in which the cost was less than this, ranging from 9.1 to 3.5 cents, an 
average of 72 grams of protein was supplied at an average cost of 6.8 
cents. In the 30 dietaries in which the cost was higher, an average 
expenditure of 11.2 cents furnished 97 grams of protein. 

In considering the amount of energy obtained for the money spent, 
it will be convenient to use the same sum, 9.2 cents, as the dividing 
line. In only three cases where the cost was as much as or more than 
that did the energy fall below 3,400 calories. None contained less 

[Bull. 221] 



107 

than 3,000 calories, while the average was 4,306 calories. In only 
12 of the dietaries costing less than 9.2 cents did the fuel value 
equal 3,400 calories, while the average of the 33 is 3,174 calories. 

The economy of the individual dietaries in regard to the amount 
of protein and energy obtained was discussed in connection with each 
study. Certain general features, however, may be mentioned here, 
especially the difference between the studies in different regions. 

In the studies made in remote districts, the average cost was 7.4 
cents, 1.9 cents less than in the earlier or urban ones. The amount 
of protein averaged 85 grams in the first group and 82 grams in the 
second. More energy, however, was found in the last series, where 
it averaged 3,731 calories as against 3,668 calories in the urban 
studies. This increased energy is due to greater amounts of both 
fats and carbohydrates, obtained from larger proportions of fat pork 
and cereals; or, to state it inversely, to the most restricted use of 
lean meats, fruist, and vegetables. These mountain diets are evi- 
dently more economical, since they furnish as much protein and 
more energy for less money. On the other hand, they may furnish 
more energy than the families require; but such points will be dis- 
cussed in a later section (see p. 108). They also are even less varied 
than the village dietaries studied, which themselves would seem 
distasteful to anyone not accustomed to them. A general survey 
of all the studies tends to confirm the conclusion suggested by the 
individual studies, that habit has much to do with the variety of food 
desired, and that people accustomed for years or generations to eat- 
ing only a few kinds of food, as are the families in these studies, can 
relish a diet which would be irksome or even repellent to those accus- 
tomed to different ways of living. In several cases where the diet 
consisted of only three or four articles, the f amilies were undoubtedly 
quite able to afford more variety had they craved it. 

One further point in regard to these remote mountain studies is 
worth mentioning. Skim milk and buttermilk were found in six of 
the nineteen dietaries. The average amount of protein supplied in 
these six was 103 grams, 23 grams more than the average. The cost 
averaged 9.2 cents, 1.8 cents more than the general average of tins 
series, and 0.1 cent less than the average of all the studies. In study 
No. 652 the dairy products were the only animal foods used, and the 
dietary furnished 82 grams of protein at a cost of 5.9 cents. If these 
figures are sufficient for drawing a conclusion, it is that a freer use 
of such inexpensive dairy products would be an easy and economical 
means of increasing the protein in these diets. The use of milk in 
the village diets also shows an increased amount of protein at a slight 
increase of cost and might well be made more general. 

[Bull. 221] 



108 

PECULIARITIES OF THE DIET. 

Those studies fully confirm the popular impression that the diet 
among the people of whom these families are typical is extremely 
simple and cheap and unattractive, judged by the usual standards. 
Corn meal, wheat flour, and fat, cured pork are the principal kinds 
of food, to which a few other materials are added in varying propor- 
tion. In general, it may be said that these three items make up 
about three-quarters of the total diet. There is, on the whole, more 
variety among families living in or near the towns than in remote 
mountain districts. These differences are probably mainly due to 
differences in the buying facilities in the various sections. Even 
the most varied of these diets, however, are much simpler than the 
majority of those of families elsewhere observed. 

Of the animal foods, pork is by far the most common, and in the 
majority of cases it is used cured or salted. Beef was found in nine- 
teen of the sixty-four studies, fish in two, and poultry in none. Game 
is reported three times, but very likely it would have occurred more 
frequently if all the studies had been made in the hunting season. 
Only eight families used eggs, although they were comparatively cheap 
when many of the studies were carried on. Buttermilk was more 
commonly used than in any similar studies; skim milk was also in 
fairly common use, but whole milk appears in only nine cases. In 
general, milk was most freely consumed in families where a cow was 
kept. Butter was fairly common, especially in the town series. 
The reports for the series of studies made in the mountain districts 
show even less variety among the animal foods than the others. 
Salt pork was the only meat eaten. Xo fish, eggs, or whole milk 
were used, and lard ordinarily replaced butter. 

The most common vegetables were white and sweet potatoes, but 
beans, both dried and fresh, cabbage, turnips, onions, tomatoes, etc., 
are occasionally seen in the lists. Fresh fruits appear to be little 
used, even in summer. Dried, canned, and jellied fruits are men- 
tioned occasionally, sometimes in forms peculiar to the locality, such 
as dried gooseberries and blackberries. The dietaries from the 
mountain districts show a greater variety of vegetable than of animal 
foods, but even here the village dietaries surpassed them. Apple 
jelly, used in study Xo. 667, is the only mention of the use of such 
fruit in the mountain studies. 

Xo account was taken of condiments, but there was certainly no 
great variety or amount of them in any of the dietaries. 

There are no data to show how the raw food was prepared. An 
ingenious housewife could undoubtedly add considerably to the 
variety of the- meals by different ways of cooking and serving, but 

[Bull. 221] 



109 

when one recalls how many of the houses were lacking in all conven- 
iences and how simple the general scale of living was, it seems prob- 
able that the food was usually cooked and served hi the quickest, 
simplest way. Judging from the amounts of lard used, much of the 
food was fried. 

Several of the prominent features of these dietaries are brought 
out in the following table, which gives the percentages of protein and 
energy derived from the total animal and vegetable foods in each 
study, and also from pork (including lard) and from corn meal and 
wheat flour: 

Proportions of protein and energy derived from different food materials in dietary studies 

Xos. 604-667. 

[Data on basis of food purchased. Quantities per man per day.] 



Total animal 
food. 



Total vegetable 
food. 



Pork. 



Com meal and 
wheat flour. 



Dietary stud}-. 



Protein. Energy. Protein. Energy. Protein. Energy. Protein. Energy 



STUDIES XEAR IOWXS. 



No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 



• >4. 

• 5. 

607. 
608. 



610.. 
611.. 
612.. 
613.. 
614.. 
615.. 
616.. 
617.. 
618.. 
619.. 
620.. 
621.. 
622.. 
623.. 
624.. 
62.5 d. 
626.. 
027.. 
628.. 
629.. 
630.. 
631 . . 
632.. 
633.. 



634. 
635. 
636. 
637. 
638. 
639. 
640. 
641. 
I 12. 
643. 
•■44. 
645. 

647. 
648. 



Per cent. 
16 
37 
41 
44 
25 
17 
15 
25 
60 
27 
34 
11 
24 



Average of 44 studies... 



(<0 



Per cent. 
27 
24 
33 
32 
31 
35 
24 
37 
34 
35 
35 
23 
18 
22 
21 
4 
23 
18 
29 
41 
28 
44 
50 
15 
27 
28 
32 
17 
22 
26 
29 
29 
27 
23 
27 
28 
30 
31 
25 
13 
34 
21 
43 
45 
29 



24 



27 



Percent. 
84 
63 
59 
56 
75 
83 
85 
75 
40 
73 
66 
89 
76 
91 
86 
100 
85 
78 
75 
65 
59 
58 
55 
91 
78 
74 
74 
87 
83 
76 
88 
77 
79 
81 
85 
93 
56 
67 
83 
87 
74 
74 
69 
73 
84 



Per cent. Per cent. 



76 



57 



(c) 



Per cent. 
26 
11 
20 
20 
16 
33 
12 
31 
21 
21 
25 
17 
15 
18 
17 
4 
20 



50 


8 


85 


. 


7,; 


10 


72 


6 


•- 


15 


83 


7 


78 


6 


74 


(<) 


71 


10 


71 


10 



73 



Per cent. 
71 



a 50 



20 



48 

a 50 
54 

a 67 
32 
60 
48 
83 
65 
86 

6 77 
80 

b" 
65 
45 
54 
46 
34 
47 
57 
60 
58 
64 
85 
72 
71 
87 
75 
74 
70 

• 77 
73 
46 
63 
60 
77 
72 
64 
69 
64 
83 



Per cent. 
58 
66 

a 45 
67 
38 

"44 
50 

a55 
41 
50 
47 
62 
73 
60 

&73 
71 



65 



5S 



a Includes also corn bread, wheat bread, or both. 
6 Includes also hominy. 



c Less than 0.5 per cent. 
d Not included in average. 



See p. 104. 



I P.ul 



11] 



110 



Proportions of protein and energy derived from different food materials in dietary studies 

Nos. 604-667— Continued. 



Dietary study. 


Total animal 
food. 


Total vegetable 
food. 


Pork. 


Corn meal and 
wheat flour. 




Protein. 


Energy. 


Protein. 


Energy. 


Protein. 


Energy. 


Protein. Energy. 


STUDIES IN REMOTE DISTRICTS. 

No. 649 


Percent. 

35 

30 

9 

42 

8 

5 

7 

(a) 

(a) 

13 

12 

16 

26 

23 

10 

21 

37 

16 

12 


Per cent. 
39 
35 
38 
24 
22 
20 
' 21 
10 
12 
30 
30 
35 
33 
24 
21 
50 
37 
30 
33 


Per cent. 
65 
70 
91 

58 
92 
95 
93 
100 
100 
87 
88 
84 
74 
77 
90 
79 
63 
84 
88 


Per cent. 
61 
65 
62 

76 
78 
80 
79 
90 
88 
70 
70 
65 
67 
76 
79 
50 
63 
70 
67 


Percent. 
6 
4 
9 


Per cent. 
22 
21 
38 


Percent. Percent. 
60 52 


No. 650 


59 | 53 


No. 651 . 


86 59 


No. 652 . . . 


52 
92 
92 
93 
100 
91 
87 
88 


70 


No. 653 


8 
5 
7 
(a) 
(a) 
13 
12 
16 
7 
6 

10 
20 
7 
16 
11 


22 
20 
21 
10 
12 
30 
30 
35 
22 
14 
21 
37 
24 
30 
29 


76 


No. 654 


73 


No. 655 


74 


No. 656 


84 


No. 657 


77 


No. 658 


62 


No. 659 


70 


No. 660 


81 58 


No. 661.. 


71 
77 
70 
49 
63 
82 
88 


76 


No. 662 


76 


No. 663 


68 


No. 664 


39 


No. 665 


59 


No. 666 


70 


No. 667 


64 








Average of 19 studies. . . 


17 


29 83 


71 


8 


23 


78 


66 


Average of 63 studies. . . 


22 


28 78 


72 


10 


21 


69 1 60 



a Includes also corn bread, wheat bread, or both. 

In discussing this table it may be interesting to recall the propor- 
tions of protein and energy usually supplied by the different classes 
of food; they have been estimated from the averages of 185 dietary 
studies made throughout the United States among persons of differ- 
ent circumstances and occupations, and are as follows : 

Proportions of protein and energy supplied by certain foods in average American diets. 



Kind of food material. 


Protein. 


Energy. 


Kind of food material. 


Protein, i Energy. 




Per cent. 
61 
43 
9 


Per cent. 
64 
37 

18 




Per cent. 
39 
31 


Per cent. 
36 






24 


Pork 











In none of the present studies do the animal foods furnish as large 
a proportion of protein as in the figures just quoted, 61 per cent. 
The average for the 63 studies is 22 per cent, and for the 19 studies 
in the Crooked Creek region, 17 per cent. In only 8 of the 63 is more 
than 40 per cent of the protein furnished by animal foods, while 3 
show less than 5 per cent. In fact, a little lard is all that distin- 
guishes these 3 from purely vegetarian diets. Whereas in the ordi- 
nary diet fat pork supplies one-seventh of the protein of animal 
origin, in these studies it furnishes one-half. The proportion of pro- 
tein supplied by all kinds of meats in these studies has not been 

[Bull. 221] ■ 



Ill 

calculated, but it must be considerably less than half as much as is 
found in the general averages; in fact, the total animal protein in 
these studies is about one-half of that ordinarily supplied by meats 
alone. About 64 per cent of the energy of the average diet comes 
from animal foods, while in these studies the proportion is only 28 
per cent, and this energy, like the protein, comes mainly from pork. 
But whereas pork furnishes about one-half of the animal protein, it 
furnishes three-quarters of the energy of animal origin; this large 
divergence is of course due to the lard which is included with the 
other forms of pork. 

The small proportion of nutrients of animal origin in these dietaries 
of course indicates a correspondingly large proportion of vegetable 
nutrients. In the average diet 38.8 per cent of the protein is of 
vegetable origin; in these studies, 78 per cent. This excess is due 
mainly to cereals, of which corn meal and wheat flour are by far the 
most common. These two items furnish 69 per cent of the protein 
of all the dietaries and 78 per cent in the last 19 studies. In the 
ordinary diet all the cereals together supply only 31 per cent. 

The proportion of energy supplied by the vegetable foods in these 
studies is 72 per cent, as against 36 per cent in the average of the 
185 dietaries — just twice as great. All the cereals in the average diet 
yield 24 per cent of the energy, while in these studies corn meal and 
wheat flour alone furnish 69 per cent. In the practically vegetarian 
diets already referred to, and in others where the animal food is 
especially scanty, the proportions of nutrients and energy furnished 
by vegetable foods are, of course, correspondingly larger. 

ADEQUACY OF THE DIETS. 

In attempting to compare the results of dietary studies with 
commonly accepted dietary standards, and indeed to establish such 
standards in the first place, several difficulties necessarily arise. The 
standards themselves are only tentative, because they can be based 
only on the available dietary studies and more abstract physiological 
research hitherto accomplished and must be subject to change when- 
ever new information may show that modification is necessary. 
Moreover, individual physiological peculiarities and dietary habits, as 
well as muscular activity, have so much effect on the demands of the 
body for nourishment that it is extremely difficult to determine what 
are the needs of even normal healthy persons at work requiring 
different degrees of muscular activity. The standards, therefore, can 
not be absolutely applied as measures of physiological requirements 
for each day or week to individual dietaries or even large groups of 
dietaries as indicating the exact amounts of nutrients required. 
They are intended simply to indicate what, in the light of our pres- 

[Bull. 221] 



112 

ent limited knowledge, seem to be the best amounts of nutrients for 
normal persons and to serve as guides in providing the food for 
families and groups when the problem is considered for long periods. 

During the last few years there has been much discussion regard- 
ing the protein requirements of the body, and it has been maintained 
by some investigators that the ordinary standards indicate an amount 
considerably larger than is actually needed. This theory is based 
on the fact that the nitrogen equilibrium of the body has been main- 
tained, together with excellent physical condition, by subjects living 
for months on diets poor in protein. Certain Asiatic and European 
races, commonly said to have existed for years on diets containing 
little nitrogenous food, are further cited as bearing out the conten- 
tion. Recent investigations made among exactly such people, 
Bengalis, near Calcutta, India, throw most interesting light on the 
subjects 

From minute and painstaking observations on typical groups of 
Bengalis and others, including statistics of diet, urine and blood 
analyses, physical measurements, endurance tests, etc., the conclusion 
is drawn that while the Bengalis exist comfortably on food supplying 
about one-third of the standard amount of protein, and while their 
height is similar to that of Europeans, their weight, chest measure- 
ments, and muscular development are inferior to those of Europeans 
living in the same climate, or of Asiatics whose dietary habits give 
them a larger protein supply. Moreover, numerous blood and urine 
tests indicate a condition less able to resist disease, a condition 
recognized by Indian insurance companies, which charge much higher 
rates and insist on severer tests for Bengalis than for Europeans. 
Further statistics are quoted showing that in such labor as that in 
coal mines the output of a Bengali is only 27 per cent of that of a 
European. The author also insists, on the basis of his results, that, 
while diseases caused by excess of urea and uric acid may be, prevalent 
among people living on high protein rations, diabetes and renal dis- 
orders are yet more dangerous to people of dietary habits like those of 
the Bengali, and that the large carbohydrate intake rendered necessary 
by a diet poor in nitrogen is even more likely to lead to injury and 
damage to the delicate tissues of glandular and other organs, and to a 
diminution in the resisting power of the system, than any excessive 
nitrogenous intake. 

Other experiments recently made in Italy by P. Albertoni and F. 
Rossi b lead to similar conclusions but by a different method. The 

a Standards of the Constituents of the Urine and Blood and the Bearing of the 
Metabolism of Bengalis on the Problems of Nutrition. D. McCay, Sci. Mem. Med. 
and Sanit. Depts. India, n. ser., 1908, No. 34, pp. 67. 

b The Effect of Adding Meat to a Vegetarian Diet. Arch. Expt. Path. u. Pharmakol. 
1908, Sup., pp. 29-38. 
[Bull. 221] 



113 

diet of typical peasants of the Abruzzi (among the least progressive 
of Italy), consisting mainly of corn meal (polenta), was carefully 
studied and various physical statistics of the subjects gathered during 
a given period. Considerable quantities of meat and other nitrog- 
enous foods were then added to the diet for some weeks, with the result 
that the general physical and mental condition of the subjects was 
notably improved, so the authors state. The duration of these experi- 
ments was not sufficient to warrant positive deductions, but as far as 
they go they indicate that to increase the protein in a diet habitually 
poor in that nutrient improves the general condition of the subject. 
All such work is especially suggestive in the consideration of such 
problems as those presented by the present studies among the 
mountaineers, and the need for continued investigations before all 
the important questions regarding dietary standards and the relation 
of such standards to physiological requirements can be answered. 

But whatever the standards, it is not always easy to apply them 
justly to the results of dietary studies. In order to get results typical 
of any locality, the studies must be carried on in families or other 
groups made up of individuals whose occupations, age, size, etc., 
vary considerably, and it is difficult to say with which standard of 
muscular activity the habits of the group correspond, or what factors 
should be used to reduce the diets of the women and children to a 
common " per-man-per-day " basis. In one or two studies of the 
present series, for instance, the children were so heavy that if the 
factors ordinarily used for children of their weights had been applied, 
almost all the food would have gone to their account and there would 
have been little left for the adults. Since the same factors are used 
in most American studies, the average results of different series are 
comparable among themselves, and the more studies are included in 
an average, the more, it is commonly said, do possible errors tend 
to neutralize each other. 

On the whole, these dietaries represent as much energy as is usual 
but rather smaller amounts of protein than those indicated by the 
standards as desirable for persons of corresponding occupations, 
though the range in protein consumption is great and some of the 
families had rather high quantities. It is probable, nevertheless, 
that these dietaries are typical of the people among whom they were 
made, not only at the present time, but for several generations, pos- 
sibly since the disappearance of the game which their ancestors, the 
early settlers, killed and ate in abundance. All precautions were 
taken to insure accuracy, but it is, of course, possible that in some 
instances foods not recorded were eaten or that some wild berries and 
fruits not mentioned in the tables were eaten between meals by the 
families studied, but the quantities can not have been large enough to 

9180— Bull. 221—09 8 



114 

affect the general conclusions. However that may be, the food 
appeared to be fairly satisfying to the people; enough so, at any rate, 
for families who might have afforded better not to care to take the 
trouble to procure it. 

The people of whom these families are typical are in that region 
considered fairly strong and well developed physically. Very few 
cases of illness were reported in these studies, many old persons were 
apparently capable of considerable active work, the weights of the 
adults averaged fairly high and can not be said to indicate under- 
development, while the children appear to be certainly as heavy as 
is usual at their respective ages. On the other hand, visitors are 
almost invariably struck by the quickness with which these moun- 
taineers, especially the women, lose the appearance of youth; judged 
by ordinary standards, girls of 22 or 23 would be called 30 or more, 
while women of 40 look as old as those of 55 or 60. Tuberculosis is 
common and the rate of mortality is rather high. While there are 
many individual exceptions, the general impression, confirmed by 
observations made in connection with these studies, is that these 
mountaineers are not active or energetic, either physically or mentally, 
as compared with the bulk of our rural population, and are rather 
generally lacking in ambition and progressiveness. It would be most 
interesting if investigations similar to the Italian ones referred to 
could be made in these regions, and the effect of a fuller diet noted. 

WASTE. 

The amount and nutritive value of the waste in these studies is 
summarized in the following table: 



Nutrients and energy wasted in dietary studies of families in Tennessee. 
[Quantities per man per day.] 



Dietary study. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Energy. 


STUDIES NEAR TOWNS. 

No. 604 


Grams. 
3 


Grams. 
3 


Grams. 
19 


Calories. 
115 


No. 605 . . . 




No. 606 


2 
1 
1 
2 
1 
3 
1 
1 
3 
1 
2 
1 
5 
1 
1 
3 
1 
2 
1 
2 


1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
1 
2 


15 
8 
9 

12 

10 

16 

7 

8 

17 

3 

9 

8 

29 

9 

13 

21 

15 

17 

6 

20 


77 


No. 607 


45 


No. 608 


49 


No. 609 

No. 610 


65 
53 


No. 611 


94 


No. 612 


50 


No. 613 


45 


No. 614 


98 


No. 615 


16 


No. 616 


1 

1 
3 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


53 


No. 617 


45 


No. 618 


162 


No. 619 . 


49 


No. 620.. 


65 


No. 621.. 


105 


No. 622 .. . 


73 


No. 6^3 


85 


No. 624 


28 


No. 625 


1 


97 



[Bull. 221] 



115 

Nutrients and energy vmsted in dietary studies of families in Tennessee— Continued. 



Dietary study. 



Protein. 



Fat. 



Carbo- 
hydrates. 



Energy. 



studies near Tcnvxs — continued. 



No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 



No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 



626 a . 
627.. 
628.. 
629.. 
630.. 
631.. 



Grams. 

4 
1 
1 
3 
4 
1 



Grams. 



632 

633 


3 


1 


634 


1 


1 


635 


1 


1 


636 






637 


1 




638 






639 


3 


3 


640 






641 . . 


642 


1 


1 


643 


1 


1 


644 


1 


1 


64.5 


9 


9 


646 







Grams. 


Calories. 


34 


170 


16 


77 


10 


44 


23 


113 


22 


113 





24 


19 


97 


2 


8 


8 


45 


8 


45 


1 


4 


6 


28 


2 


8 


17 


107 


1 


4 


2 


8 


6 


37 


7 


41 


7 


41 


13 


78 


3 


12 


8 


45 


8 


45 



Ayerage of 44 studies. 



STUDIES IX REMOTE DISTRICTS 



<?49. 
650 . 
651. 

652 . 

653 . 
654. 

655 . 

656 . 
657. 
658. 
659 



1 4 

1 4 



667. 



Ayerage of 19 studies. 
Ayerage of 63 studies. 



Proportion of total food purchases, 44 studies 
Proportion of total food purchases, 19 studies 
Proportion of total food purchases, 63 studies 




Not included in the ayerage (see p. 104.) 



b Less than 0.5 per cent. 



The small proportion of waste is due in part to the fact that many 
of these families were obliged to economize closely, and in part to 
the simplicity of the diets, which made it easy to estimate how much 
would be eaten at each meal and also to use up what was left over 
from one meal at a later one. 

Throughout the series the waste came mainly from the carbo- 
hydrates, not because they were less thorough^ eaten, but because 
they were more abundant than the protein and fat. The amounts 
of protein and fat wasted are so small as to be practically negligible. 
In many cases the amount of nutrients in the waste was too small 

[Bull. 221] 



116 

to be calculated, especially in the studies in remote districts, where 
the diet was even simpler than in the others. 

The proportions of the total nutrients of the food purchased 
which are found in the waste are given at the foot of the table on 
page 115. The proportions of fats and carbohydrates were through- 
out less than one-half of 1 per cent. In the village studies 2 per 
cent each of the protein and energy were wasted. In the studies 
in remote districts no calculable protein or fat and less than one- 
half of 1 per cent of carbohydrates and total energy were discarded. 
The average for all the studies shows a waste of 1 per cent of both 
protein and energy. 

In most low-priced, economical dietaries where the waste is believed 
to be small, it is not measured, and there is, therefore, little material 
with which to compare the present figures. 

The waste was saved and analyzed in three of the New Mexican 
studies already referred to, and was much larger than in the Tennessee 
dietaries. The average was: Protein 4 per cent, fat 4 per cent, 
carbohydrates 2 per cent, and total fuel value 2 per cent. This 
difference is probably due to a less economical use and a greater 
variety of food materials. 

In sixteen dietary studies made among poor families in New York 
City, a in which it was collected, the waste contained on the average 
2 per cent each of the protein and fat of the food purchased, 1 per 
cent of the carbohydrates, and 2 per cent of the total energy. The 
average cost in these studies was 20 cents per man per day, and 
they showed a much greater variety of food materials than the 
Tennessee dietaries here reported. Considering the greater variety 
of the diets, the New York studies represent as frugal a use of the 
materials as the present ones, nor is the proportion of waste much 
greater than in the village Tennessee studies. In American families 
in more comfortable circumstances, and often among others of 
limited means, the waste is ordinarily much larger, amounting 
sometimes to 10 per cent or more of the nutrients b purchased. 
Compared with the ordinary dietaries of this country, therefore, the 
waste in the present studies is extremely small. 

oU. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 46. 
&U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 21, p. 219. 
[Bull. 221] 



DIETARY STUDIES IN GEORGIA. 

By H. C. White, Ph. D. 3 
Professor of Chemistry, University of Georgia. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The fourteen studies described in the following pages were con- 
ducted at the University of Georgia as a part of the nutrition investi- 
gations organized by the Office of Experiment Stations of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 

Dietary study Xo. 66S was made with a student's boarding club at 
the University of Georgia: Xo. 669 was conducted in the family of a 
mechanic living in Athens, Ga.; Xo. 670 was made in a negro family 
living near Athens, Ga. ; while the eleven remaining studies were made 
with families in the mountain districts in White, Rabun, and Haber- 
sham counties. Four types of people are therefore included in these 
studies: (1) College students; (2) a white family in comfortable cir- 
cumstances; (3) a negro family ; and (4) mountaineers. The studies 
should be of interest, the first three because they, give additional 
knowledge of the food consumption of their respective types, the 
remainder both as giving information on the food of mountaineers 
and also for comparison with the Tennessee mountaineer studies, 
tabulated and discussed earlier in this bulletin. 

METHODS OF STUDY. 

The customary methods of making dietary studies were followed in 
this series. At the beginning of the investigation all foodstuffs on 
hand were weighed and their cost noted, as was also done with all 
foodstuffs purchased during the investigation. As a precaution 
against error, all refuse and waste matters on the premises when the 
experiment began were disposed of. At the close of the investigation 
the weights and. cost of all food on hand were deducted from the totals 
thus obtained. 

From the data thus obtained the results of the study were calcu- 
lated according to the usual methods, these results being tabulated 
in the tables beyond. A considerable number of analyses of foods 
and waste material were made in connection with the studies. 

In determining the composition of the foodstuffs, where the quan- 
tity used was large or the material such as presents wide variations 
from an average, samples were taken from either the material actually 

[Bull. 221] • (11?) 






118 

used or similar material purchased in the local market. For example, 
the flour, meal, crackers, sirup, grits, baked beans, cowpeas, ham, salt 
pork, dried apples, fish, poultry, cheese, and butterine used in study 
No. 66S were sampled for analysis from the materials actually used. 
The beef (steak and roast) analyzed was from samples of similar cuts 
of animals raised in the neighborhood and slaughtered in Athens. 
In cases where wild game (squirrel and birds) formed part of the 
dietary, similar animals were secured and analyzed. The composi- 
tion of the milk, buttermilk, and potatoes used was assumed from 
a number of analyses previously made in the laboratory in connection 
with other investigations. 

The methods employed in the analyses of food and waste were those 
recommended by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 
The chemical composition of all foods analyzed in connection with this 
and the following thirteen studies are summarized in the table 
below. 

The composition of the foodstuffs not analyzed was assumed from 
data reported in a previous bulletin 5 of this Office. 

The figures in parenthesis which follow each food in the tabular 
statement of the results of the dietary studies indicate the data used 
in calculating the nutrients and energy which the food supplies, Nos. 
1 to 76 referring to the average values reported in the table below, 
and the remaining numbers to data summarized in a manuscript 
table on file in the Office of Experiment Stations. 

Percentage composition of food materials analyzed in connection with dietary studies 

Nos. 668-681. 



Refer- 
ence 

No. 


Kind of food. 


Refuse. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Ash. 


1 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: 


Per cent. 
21.64 
14.12 


Per cent. 
54.13 
56.59 

12.8 
11.8 
6.9 
12.5 
11.9 
12.2 
11.6 
12.5 
13.2 
12.4 
13.5 
11.8 
37.82 
33.83 
12.48 

42.0 
41.6 


Per cent. 
15.35 
18.43 

8.1 
8.3 
7.6 
9.0 
9.5 
10.1 
8.7 
9.2 
8.2 
7.3 
6.9 
8.8- 
24.16 
15.22 
2.36 

14.2 
14.5 


Per cent. 
8.22 
9.62 

72.9 
74.1 
80.1 
72.4 
73.1 
71.9 
74.1 
73.0 
73.2 
74.2 


Per cent. 


Per ct. 
0.91 


2 






1.48 


3 


Pork: 

Bacon 




6.2 


4 


Do . 






5.8 


5 


Do. 






5.4 


6 


Do. 






6.1 


7 


Do... 






5.5 


8 


Do 






5.8 


9 


Do 






5.6 


10 


Do 






5.3 


11 


Do 






5.4 


12 


Do 






6.1 


13 


Do 




73.2 

74.2 

22.78 

32.56 

82.51 

10.4 
11.2 




6.4 


14 


Do 






5.2 


15 


Ham, dried 


8.24 
13. 64 




4.71 
4.91 
3.14 

.8 
1.3 


1G 







17 


Side, salt 




18 


Game: 

Quail, American dressed 

Squirrel, dressed 


32.6 
31.4 




19 





all. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bui. 65. 
[Bull. 221] 



b TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 



119 

Percentage composition of food materials analyzed in connection with dietary studies 

Nos. 6 68-681— Continued. 



Refer- 
ence 
No. 


! 

Kind of food. i Refuse. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Ash. 


20 


animal food — continued. 

Fish, fresh, dressed (locally called 
"trout" but similar to weakfish). . 


Per cent. 
20.24 
18.56 


Per cent. 
59.97 
43.57 
33.46 
13.2 
12.6 
87.52 
87.9 
88.3 
87.2 
92.82 
90.9 
91.9 

11.86 

14.7 

13.8 

12.3 

13.6 

13.5 

13.2 


Per cent. 

16.63 

20.54 

26.37 

.9 

1.0 

3.15 

3.2 

3.0 

3.4 

2.98 

2.8 

2.6 

7.34 

8.0 

8.2 

8.4 

8.2 

8.1 

8.4 


Per cent. 
2.46 
16.19 
34.74 
81.8 
82.8 
4.04 
3.5 
3.8 
3.7 
.51 
.8 
.6 

55.18 
4.1 
3.9 
3.8 
4.3 
4.2 
3.9 


Per cent. 


Per ct. 
0.98 


21 




1.22 


22 


Cheese". 


1.62 


3.81 


23 


Butter. 


4.1 


24 


Do... 




3.6 


25 


Milk.. 


4.62 

4.6 

4.0 

4.9 

3.00 

4.6 

4.1 

74.43 

71.8 

72.6 

74.1 

72.4 

72.8 

73.2 


.67 


26 


Do 




.8 


27 


Do 




.9 


28 


Do 




.8 


29 






6.9 


30 


Do. 




.9 


31 


Do... 




.8 


32 


VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: 




1.19 


33 


Do 




1.4 


34 


Do 




1.5 


35 


Do 




1.4 


36 


Do 




1.5 


37 


Do 




1.4 


38 


Do 




1.3 




Do 






39 




14.1 
14.2 
13.5 


7.8 
8.0 


4.2 
4.5 
4.3 


72.4 
71.9 
73.1 


1.5 


40 


Do 




1.4 


41 


Do 




1.4 










42 




7.8 
9.61 
11.18 
11.81 
10.8 
10.8 
11.1 
10.6 
11.1 
10.8 
11.0 
10.48 
7.33 

1.85 


4.3 

1.02 
1.42 
1.22 
1.2 
1.2 
1.3 
1.2 
1.1 
1.2 
1.3 
10. 13 
8.64 


72.5 

78.37 

74.78 

75.44 

77.8 

77.8 

77.2 

78.0 

77.5 

78.0 

78.2 

71.32 

76. 4.5 

72.53 

79.1 

80.4 

75.8 

82.0 

78.6 

81.5 

18.81 
4.6 
63.18 
62.1 
9.8 
16.14 
15.2 
4.7 
6.26 

58.81 
60.02 




43 


Grits ' 


10.34 


.66 


44 




12.04 
11.07 
8.9 
8.9 
9.2 
8.8 
8.9 
8.8 
8.0 
5.79 
6.19 

25.34 

14.7 

13.7 

17.1 

12.2 

15.0 

11.7 

68.98 


.58 


45 


Flour, wheat, family 




.46 


46 






1.3 


47 


Do 




1.3 


48 


Do... 




1.2 


49 


Do... 




1.4 


50 


Do 




1.4 


51 


Do 




1.2 


52 






1.5 


53 






2.28 


54 




1.39 


55 


Sugars, etc.: 


.28 


56 


Do 




6.2 


57 


Do 




5.9 


58 


Do 








7.1 


59 


Do 








5.8 


60 


Do 








6.4 


61 


Do 








6.8 


62 


Vegetables, etc.: 

Beans, baked 




7.04 
1.2 
21.80 
22.6 
1.6 
1.95 
1.7 
1.0 
4.22 

1.48 
2.12 


2.29 

.1 
2.17 
1.2 

.2 


2.88 


63 


Cabbage 


13.1 


79.9 
11.94 
10.8 
80.8 


1.1 


64 


Cowpeas 


.91 


65 


Do 




3.3 


66 


Onions 


6.8 


.8 


67 


Potatoes, white 


20.00 61.94 


.67 


68 


Do 


21.2 

16.4 


60.8 
76.9 
86.34 

35.18 


.1 
.1 
.58 

2.37 
2.56 


1.0 


69 


Turnips 


.9 


70 


Turnip salad, greens 


2.60 


71 


Fruits: 

Apples, evaporated 




2.16 


72 


Apples, sun dried 




33.34 


1.96 










73 


Apples, dried 




13.1 
12.3 


2.0 
2.1 


2.0 
2.6 


80.4 
80.2 


2.5 


74 


Do 




2.8 




Average of Nos. 73 and 74 . 
Miscellaneous: Butterine 






75 




2.1 

.78 


2.3 

87.96 


80.3 




76 




8.00 


3.36 














[Bull. 221] 



120 

All the studies were conducted in the same manner, with the excep- 
tion that the data concerning waste varied somewhat in the different 
studies. In stud}^ No. 668 the refuse and waste were collected each 
day, separate receptacles being used for "meat," "bread," and 
"vegetable" wastes. This classification of the waste was main- 
tained as accurately as possible, but was, of course, only approximate 
in some cases. Each lot of waste was weighed and sampled carefully, 
and chemical analyses were made of the water-free material. In all, 
analyses were made of 83 samples of waste stuffs, there being seven 
days of the thirty on which no "vegetable" waste was separately 
collected. 

In study No. 669 two analyses of waste, one of the animal and one 
of the vegetable, were made daily. The individual analyses of 
waste in these two studies, being of no value outside this study, are 
not reported. In the remaining studies the total water-free waste 
material was analyzed. The table below shows the proportion of 
nutrients in the wastes of the several studies. It must be under- 
stood, however, that the figures given in this table for waste from 
studies Nos. 668 and 669 are only approximations. The individual 
analyses of waste for these studies were not reported, nor were the 
average figures. The data of the table are computed by dividing the 
total water-free material of the waste of each class by the amount of 
the different nutrients reported as contained in it. 

The table below shows the nutritive matter in the samples of waste 
food which were analyzed in connection with the dietary studies : 

Proportion of nutrients in water-free substance of ivastes, dietary studies Nos. 668-681. 



Refer- 
ence 
No. 



Protein. 


Fat. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


11.9 


3.4 


4.5 


1.0 


2.9 


.6 


5.6 


27.6 


2.0 


.3 


9.7 


10.2 


11.6 


11.8 


8.8 


12.2 


9.6 


12.5 


10.2 


13.6 


10.5 


9.S 


' 7.6 


12.3 


8.6 


12.1 


7.2 


10.4 


5.6 


9.2 


6.1 


7.1 


7.2 


8.4 



Carbohy- 
drates." 



] i 5 
110 
117 
US 
110 
120 
121 
122 
12:i 
124 
125 
126 
127 
128 
129 
180 



Meat waste, study No. 668 « 

Bread waste, study No. 668 « 

Vegetable waste, study No. 668 a 
Animal waste, study No. 669 a ... 
Vegetable waste, study No. 669 a 

Waste, study No. 671 

Waste, study No. 672 

Waste, study No. 670 

Waste, study No. 673 

Waste, study No. 674 

Waste, studv No. 675 

Waste, study No. 676 

Waste, study No. 677 

Waste, study No. 678 

Waste, study No. 679 

Waste, study No. 680 

Waste, study No. 681 



Per 



cent. 
0.2 
47.6 
16.3 



14.6 
69.5 
72.6 

73. S 
73.7 
71.1 
74.6 

74. 6 
73 5 

77. S 
SO 7 
82 
SO 3 



a Calculated, see above. 



[Bull. 221] 



121 

DIETARY STUDY OF A STUDENTS' BOARDING CLUB, STUDY 

No. 668. 

This club is composed of men students of the University of Georgia, 
and was organized for the purpose of securing board cheaply. It is a 
voluntary organization, and at the time the study was made had been 
in existence three years. The number of members varies from time 
to time; the average for the session of 1901-2 was approximately 
100. The club is under student management, the members appoint- 
ing a committee of their number to have the general oversight of its 
affairs. The university furnishes, free of cost, an excellently ap- 
pointed building (Denmark Hall) containing dining rooms, kitchen, 
pantries, furniture, fixtures, and table and kitchen ware. All other 
expenses, for food, fuel, light, service, etc., are met by the club. A 
professor of the university acts gratuitously for the club as manager 
and purchasing agent. A matron is emplo}^ed by the club, receiving 
a salary of $25 per month with her board and lodging. Colored men 
are employed as waiters and colored men and women for kitchen 
service, and their meals are included with those of the members in 
this study. Each member of the club pays, in advance, $8 at the 
beginning of each month. Accurate account is kept of the expendi- 
tures, and at the end of the collegiate session any excess of receipts 
over expenditures is equitabh' distributed among the members. 
Since the organization of the club there has been no loss from failure 
of members to make their payments, and the average monthly expense 
per man has at no time exceeded $8 and has generally been somewhat 
less. 

The study began with dinner on May 1, 1902, and continued thirty 
days, a longer period than is ordinarily covered by such investigations. 
However, it is believed that the study is all the more valuable, since 
it covers so long a period. 

NUMBER OF MEALS EATEN. 

The average age and weight of the subjects of the study, and the 
number of meals eaten, reduced to the usual per man per day basis, 
are given below: 

Meals. 
Number of men, 102 to 109; average age, 21 years; average weight, 
143 pounds; meals eaten — breakfasts, 2,961; dinners, 3,192; 
suppers, 3,074. Total 9, 227 

Number of women, 4; meals eaten — breakfasts, 113; dinners, 114; 
suppers, 112. Total (339X0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 271 



Total number of meals equivalent to 9, 498 

Equivalent to 1 man for 3,160 days. 
[Bull. 221] 



122 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 668. 



Food consumed during the entire study (30 days). 



Kinds and amounts. 



Cost. 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 





Pro- 




tein. 


nts. 


Grams. 


5.1 


33 


3.9 


12 


.4 


7 


.1 


1 


.5 


2 


.7 




.2 


2 


1.1 


13 



Fat. 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



Fuel 
value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Brisket, 20.3 pounds. SI. GO (77): rib, roast, 
342.5 pounds, S42.81 (1): steak, round, 810.2 
pounds, S101.25 (2): corned, 1.9 pounds, 22 
cents (78) 

Veal: Loin, 85.6 pounds, S10.63 (79) 

Lamb: Leg, 45.5 pounds. S5.69 (80) 

Pork: Side, fresh, 39.6 pounds, S4.93 (82): ham, 
dried, 12.1 pounds, S1.32 (15); ham, cured, 505.1 
pounds, S70.70 (16); side, salt, 72.3 pounds, 
$7.77(17); lard, 367.5 pounds, §39.51 (83) 

Poultrv: Fowls, 249.4 pounds, S12.45 (21) 

Fish, fresh, 4S. 6 pounds, S4.42 (20) 

Eggs, 86.7 pounds, 814.83 (85) 

Butter, 146.3 pounds, S21.94 (86) 

Cheese, 48.2 pounds, 86.72 (22) 

Milk, 2,231 pounds, 827.80 (25); buttermilk. 70s. 5 
pounds, S5.35 (29) 



Dollars. Cents 
162. 20 



124. 23 
12.45 

4.42 
14.83 
21.94 

6.72 



Grams. Grams. 
IS 



33.15 



Total animal food . 



379. 94 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 332.2 pounds, 86.64 (32): 
grits, 152.3 pounds, 83.81 (43); oatmeal, 88.4 
pounds, $2.65 (88); rice, 124.1 pounds, 86.20 
(89); wheat flour, craham, 176.3 pounds, 83.82 
(90); wheat flour, family, 183.1 pounds, 83.43 
(45); wheat flour, fine, 1,665.2 pounds, 836 (44); 
macaroni, 32 pounds, S2. 72 (91); sodacrackers, 
75.2 pounds, 83.76 (53); lady fingers, 8 pounds, 
81.60 (54) 

Sugars, etc.: Sirup, 224 pounds, 86.72(55); sugar, 
brown, 217.4 pounds, S10.33 (93); sugar, granu- 
lated, 697.2 pounds, S40.09 (94) 

Vegetables: Beans, baked, 11.5 pounds, 69 cents 
(62); beans, string, 116.5 pounds, S3. 15 (95); 
beets, 15.8 pounds, 26 cents (96); cabbaee, 
114.5 pounds, 82.86 (97); corn, canned, 53.6 
pounds, 82.15 (98); lettuce, 11.3 pounds, 55 
cents (99); okra and tomatoes, canned, 91.5 
pounds, 84.80 (100); onions, 70.2 pounds, 81.36 
(101); peas, green, 107.6 pounds, $2.85 (102); 
cowpeas, 24.8 pounds, 83 cents (64): potatoes, 
197.5 pounds, 82.96 (67); radishes, 7.5 pounds, 
24 cents (106); squash, 8.3 pounds, 52 cents 
(107); turnip salad greens, 136.3 pounds, $5.25 
(70); pickles, cucumber, 24.5 pounds, SI. 20 
(103) 

Fruits: Apples, evaporated, 43.4 pounds, $2.17 
(71); apples, sun dried, 32.2 pounds, SI. 61 (72): 
lemons, 37.5 pounds, SI. 89 (110); peaches, 
canned, 32.4 pounds, S2.92 (111); pineapples, 
canned, 26.5 pounds, SI. 06 (112); strawberries, 
36.5 pounds, SI. 80 (113) 

Butterine,a 39.8 pounds, $5.45 (76) 



70.63 

57.14 



29.67 



11. 45 

5. 45 



Total vegetable food . 
Total food purchased. 



174. 34 



554. 2S 



Animal food (114) 

Vegetable food (115) and (116) 



Calories. 
292 



831 

81 

4 

17 

160 
35 



18 



12.0 



2.2 

1.8 



50 



17.5 



147 



In 



153 



16 



240 



616 



2,258 



3.918 



127 
293 



Total food wasted 






11 


13 


65 


420 










FOOD EATEX. 

Animal food 






66 
43 


135 
14 


17 
417 


1,533 






1,965 










Total food eaten 


554. 2S 


617.8 


109 


149 


434 


3.498 









a Composed mainly of cotton-seed oil, hence classed with vegetable foods. 
b Including 0.3 cent per man per day for beverages, condiments, etc. 



[Bull. 221] 



123 

From the table p. 122 > it will be seen that the average amount of 
food consumed per man per day yielded 109 grams of protein and 3,498 

calories of energy, at a cost of 17.S cents. The amount of food 
actually furnished was about 10 per cent greater in both protein and 
energy. The amount of protein consumed seems surprisingly small 
when it is considered that the subjects were probably all young men. 
nearly all of whom were in robust health, and. moreover, that they 
had not yet reached their fullest physical development. The amount 
of energy consumed would indicate that their muscular activity was 
considerable, being very close to that of the American standard : 
man at moderate muscular work. 

Eesults similar to the above, in which the protein is low and the 
energy high, thereby giving a rather wide nutritive ratio, have 
repeatedly been found with studies made in the Southern States. 
For example, in dietary studies with Tennessee families, similar wide 
ratios were found, the exact figures for food eaten being S4 gran:- : 
protein and 3.674 calories of energy per man per day. On the other 
hand, a comparison with other studies made with students' boarding 
clubs shows the results here found to be for all practical purposes 
identical with the average of sixteen studies previously reported by 
this Office. Yet these sixteen studies are divided about equally 
between students' clubs North and South. The indications are that- 
such young men demand an amount of energy approaching that con- 
sumed by men at moderately active muscular work, but that their 
protein requirements are much lower, even though they have not yet 
arrived at the age of full physical development. 

It is felt that no proper comparison can be made of the cost of the 
food of this club with that for other clubs, inasmuch as the prices of 
food supplies have been increased so much and vary so much in a: 
ent localities during the last few years. The cost was at least reason- 
able and moderate, and the club would seem to have thoroughly 
fulfilled its purpose. 

DIETAXY STUDY OF A MECHANIC'S FAMILY. STUDY No. 669. 

In the prosecution of this study the cooperation was secured of a 

family of imperfectly skilled mechanics, quite typical of a somewhat 
numerous class of white people in this section. The family comprised 
a man and his wife, a son and his wife, a younger unmarried son. 
and an infant of 2 years. The men were all carpenters, sober, indus- 
trious, and hard-working, receiving wages varying from $1.25 b $2 
per day. The cooking and household work of the family were done 
by the women. All members of the family were in robust health. 
The foodstuffs used were assumed to have the composition of similar 
articles in the study of the college club previously reported. 

This study began May 15. 1902, and continued fourteen days. The 
ages and weights of the members of the family, and the number of 
meals taken, were as follows. 

[Bull. 22 



124 



Man. age 45 years, weight 160 pounds] 

Man, age 23 years, weight 150 pounds > 124. 

Man, age 20 years, weight 141 poundsj 

Woman, age 43 years, weight 150 pounds; woman, age 20 years, 

weight 110 pounds (80 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to. . G4. 
Infant, age 2 years, (42 meals X 0.3 meal of man), equivalent to. . 12. 6 



Total number of meals equivalent to ! 200. 6 

Equivalent to 1 man for 67 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 669. 



Food consumed during trie entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Rib roast, 10.3 pounds, $1.25 (1); round 
steak, 4.2 pounds, 55 cents (2) 


} Dollars. 
V 2.50 

5.06 
.40 
.80 
.40 
.15 

.65 


Cents. 
3.7 

7."6 
.6 

1.2 
.6 

.2 

1.0 


Grams. 
22 

20 
5 
5 

2 ' 

10 


Grams. 
16 

205 
1 
3 
11 
3 

5 


Grams. 


Calories. 
230 


Lamb: Leg, 5.4 pounds, 70 cents (80) 






Pork: Ham, fresh, 17.6 pounds, $2.20 (81); side, 
salt, 20.5 pounds, $2.05 (17); lard, 8.1 pounds, 
81 cents (83) 


1 904 


Fish, fresh, 4.5 pounds, 40 cents (20) 




29 


Eggs, 4.8 pounds, 80 cents (85) 




47 


Butter, 2 pounds, 40 cents (86) 




98 


Cheese, 1.2 pounds, 15 cents (22) 




35 


Milk, 16.3 pounds, 35 cents (25); buttermilk, 29.6 
pounds, 30 cents (29) 


11 


1?8 








9.96 


14.9 


64 


244 


11 


2,471 




VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 26.2 pounds, 52 cents (32); 
rice, 4.1 pounds, 33 cents (89); flour, wheat, 


1.75 
.45 

.90 

.54 


2.6 

.7 

1.3 

.8 


46 
1 

13 
1 


13 

1 
1 


359 
60 

45 
21 


1 736 


Sugars, etc.: Sugar, brown, 2.4 pounds, 10 cents 
(93); sirup, 9 pounds, 35 cents (55) 


244 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 3.2 pounds, 8 cents (97); 
cowpeas, 5.1 pounds, 17 cents (64); potatoes, 
16.2 pounds, 25 cents (67); turnip salad greens, 
10.1 pounds, 40 cents (70) ..... , 


241 


Fruits: Apples, evaporated, 4.5 pounds, 22 cents 
(71); peaches, canned, 4 pounds, 32 cents (111). . 


97 




3.64 


5.4 


61 


15 


4S5 


2, 318 






13.60 


20.3 


125 


259 


496 


4,789 






WASTE. 

Animal food (117) 






2 
5 


11 

1 




106 


Vegetable food (118) 






41 


193 






■; 




Total food 






7 


12 


41 


299 










Animal food eaten 






62 
56 


233 
14 


11 
444 


2, 365 


Vegetable food eaten 






2,125 










Total food eaten 


13.60 


20.3 


118 


247 


455 


4,490 







From the figures given above it appears that the diet of this family 
yielded a generous amount of energy and probably sufficient protein 
for their needs. It was fairly varied, nearly all classes of foods being 
represented. Its cost is moderate. Like most southern dietaries, 
it yields a higher fuel value in proportion to the protein than corres- 
ponding ones in the North, a difference due mainly to a greater con- 
sumption of pork and corn meal in the South, and less of the leaner 
meats and other less fatty cereals. 

-[Bull. 221] 



125 
DIETARY STUDY OF A NEGRO FARMER'S FAMILY, STUDY No. 670. 

This study was made in a family of negro farm laborers in Clark 
County, Ga. This family is typical of the farm laborers of this sec- 
tion, which is not in the " black belt/' and in which the negroes are 
generally more thrifty, intelligent, and better housed and fed than 
in the "low country," where the black population is largely in excess 
of the white. The family consisted of a man and his wife, two unmar- 
ried sons, and a daughter. The men were engaged exclusively in 
farm labor, tilling a small patch of land of which the father was the 
owner, and adjacent lands which were rented, payment of rent being 
made on "shares." The farm products were cotton, corn, and hay. 
Vegetables were grown for home consumption in a garden patch. 
The wife took care of the house; the girl assisted her, but also attended 
school a portion of the year. Of the food consumed, the meal, flour, 
sugar, and sirup were purchased in town; the bacon and vegetables 
were home raised. 

The study began with breakfast September 16, 1902, and continued 
fourteen days. The ages and weights of the members of the family, 
and the number of meals taken, were as follows : 

Meals. 
Man, age 46 years, weight 160 pounds! 

Man, age 22 years, weight 148 pounds 1 121 

Boy, age 17 years, weight 130 poundsj 

Woman, age 42 years, weight 150 pounds; girl, age 15 years, weight 
115 pounds (80 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 64 

Total number of meals equivalent to 185 

Equivalent to 1 man for 62 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 670. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Bacon, 18,950 grams, $6.40 (5); lard, 3,115 
grams, 75 cents (S3) 


Dollars. 
7.15 


Cents. 
11.5 


Grams. 
23 


Grams. 
295 


Grams. 


Calories. 

2,718 








Total animal food 


7.15 


11.5 


23 


295 




2,718 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 26, 000 grams, $1.15 (35); flour, 
4,105 grams, 24 cents (48) 


1.39 
.35 

.69 


2.2 
.6 

1.1 


42 


17 


362 
54 

15 


1,767 


Sugars, etc.: Sirup, 3,200 grams, 23 cents (92); 
sugar, granulated, 1,140 grams, 12 cents (94). . . 


216 


Vegetables: Beans, string, 3,142 grams, 15 cents 
(95); sweet potatoes, 1,921 grams, 30 cents (104); 
turnip salad greens, 4,678 grams, 24 cents (70).. 


5 


1 


89 


Total vegetable food 


2.43 


3.9 


47 


18 


431 


2,072 




Total food purchased 


9.58 


15.4 


70 

14 


313 
19 


431 

115 


4,790 
685 


Waste, animal and vegetable (121) 










Total food eaten 


9.58 


15.4 


56 


294 


316 


4, 105 







[Bull. 221] 



126 

The main features of this diet are fat, cured pork, and corn meal, 
characteristic of both the " black belt" and the mountain regions of 
the South. It is superior to the dietaries studied among Alabama 
negroes, in containing a considerable number of vegetables and some 
wheat flour and sugar. Compared with the negro studies referred to 
and those among mountaineers reported elsewhere in this bulletin, 
the cost is fairly high, especially considering the amount of protein 
supplied. The latter is 70 grams per man per day, but as the waste 
in this study is somewhat large — containing one-fifth of the protein 
and about one-seventh of the fuel value — the amount actually con- 
sumed was only 56 grams. This is only half the quantity called for 
by the dietary standard for a man at moderate muscular work. The 
energy, on the other hand, is higher than the standard calls for. 
No dairy products were used by this family during the study, al- 
though they were living in a region with fair grazing lands. If such 
cheap articles as buttermilk and skim milk were as easily available 
as one would suppose, the addition of them to the diet would bring 
up the amount of protein supplied without greatly increasing the cost. 

STUDIES WITH GEORGIA MOUNTAINEERS, Nos. 671-681. 

The eleven studies which follow were conducted in the families of 
mountaineers living in the recesses of the mountains in northeastern 
Georgia. They were good examples of the mountain peoples of the 
Southern States. One or two of the families were of rather better 
class, owning some land. The majority were "renters," typical of 
the so-called "poor whites" of this section. The men were engaged 
chiefly in farm work, growing corn, potatoes, and apples. They also 
found occupation for a part of the time in wood cutting and bark 
collecting. The women attended to the housework, cooking, etc., 
and helped in the work of the farm and garden. Most of them occu- 
pied three-room log cabins of the usual mountain type. The bacon, 
vegetables, and dried apples used were home raised; the meal, flour, 
and sugar purchased at the country store. It was found difficult, 
under the circumstances, to assign a proper money value (cost) to 
the materials used, but prevailing prices at the country stores were 
taken as approximately fair. Probably the prices charged were 
higher than in towns, where there is competition among dealers. 

The exact dates of the last six studies were not reported, but they 
were made in the early months of 1903. 

Owing to the general similarity of these studies, they are discussed 
together instead of individually. (See p. 135.) 

»U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 38. 
[Bull. 221] 



127 



DIETARY STUDY No. 671. 

This family consisted of the father, mother, son, and five daughters. 
It is typical of the poorer classes of white people inhabiting the 
mountainous region of this section. The father is a small farmer, 
tilling patches of his own land with the assistance of the older mem- 
bers of the family; the mother and younger girls keep house. The 
principal produce is corn and apples. The former is sold in the 
neighborhood, the latter frequently carried by wagon a number of 
miles to town. The food of the family is mainly corn meal obtained 
from local mills, flour purchased at the nearest country store, and 
native bacon, most generally of home production. 

The study began September 1, 1902, and was continued fourteen 
days. The ages and weights of the members of the family, and the 
number of meals taken, were as follows : 

Meals. 

Man, age 43 years, weight 125 pounds 42. 

Woman, age 42 years, weight 110 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 33. 6 

Woman, age 21 years, weight 140 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 33. 6 

Woman, age 16 years, weight 90 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 33. 6 

Girl, age 12 years, weight 70 pounds (42 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25. 2 

Girl, age 8 years, weight 32 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21. 

Girl, age 6 years, weight 30 pounds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21. 

Boy, age 10 years, weight 50 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of man), 

equivalent to 25. 2 

Total number of meals equivalent to 235. 2 

Equivalent to 1 man for 78 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 671. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Protein. Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates' 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Bacon, 6,346 grams, $2.08 (3); lard, 4,550 
grams, SI. 32 (83) 


Dollars. 
3.40 


Cents. 
4.3 


Grams. 

7 


Grams. 
118 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1,078 








Total animal food 


3.40 


4.3 


7 


118 




1,078 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 22,230 erams, $1 (33^; flour, 
wheat, 31,120 grams, 81.72 (46) 


2.72 

.48 

3.10 
1.00 


3.5 

.6 

4.0 
1.3 


66 


17 


515 
46 

134 
51 


2, 475 
184 


Sugars: Sugar, granulated, 3,630 grams, 48 
cents (94) 


Vegetables: Beans, string, 27,240 grams, 81.18 
(95); cabbage, 11,020 grams, 30 cents (97); 
potatoes, 54,490 grains, §1.62(105) 


22 
1 


2 

1 


642 


Fruits: Apples, 30,510 grams, $1 (108) 


217 






Total vegetable food 


7.30 


9.4 


89 


20 


746 


3 518 






Total food purchased 


10. 70 


13.7 


96 
7 


138 

8 


746 
52 


4 596 


Waste, animal and vegetable (119) 




307 


Total food eaten 








10.70 


ia7 


89 


130 


694 


4,289 





[Bull. 221] 



128 

DIETARY STUDY No. 672. 

This study was carried on simultaneously with study No. 671. The 
family lived in one of the wildest and most isolated sections of this 
mountain region, and is typical of the average class of the poor moun- 
taineer. It consisted of a man and his wife, a son and Ins wife, an 
unmarried son, and a granddaughter. The men tilled small patches of 
arable land, producing mainly corn, tobacco, and apples; they also 
worked at gathering bark for local tanneries some miles distant. The 
food used was similar to that described in study No. 671. The sirup, 
flour, and sugar used were purchased at the country store; the meal 
was locally ground; and the bacon, vegetables, and fruit were of 
home production. 

The study began with breakfast September 1, 1902, and was con- 
tinued fourteen days. The ages and weights of the members of the 
family, and the number of meals taken, were as follows : 

Meals. 

Man, age 48 years, weight 142 pounds 42. 

Woman, age 47 years, weight 128 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 33. 6 

Man, age 26 years, weight 140 pounds 42. 

Woman, age 25 years, weight 122 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 33. 6 

Man, age 20 years, weight 130 pounds 42. 

Girl, age 6 years, weight 50 poimds (42 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to 21. 

Total number of meals equivalent to 214. 2 

Equivalent to 1 man for 71 days. 



Weights and cost of food and 


nutrients in dietary study Xo. 


672. 




Food consumed during the entire study (14 days;. 


Cost, nutrient 


, and fuel value of food per 
nan per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Bacon, 7,520 grams, $2.43 (4); lard, 4,692 
grams, $1.60 (83) 


Dollars. 
4.03 


Cents. 
5.7 


Grams. 
9 


Grows. 
145 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1.327 






Total animal food. 


4.03 


5.7 


9 


145 




1.327 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 35,650 grams, §1.90(34); flour, 
18,241 grams, SI. 10 (47) . . 


3.00 
.39 

3.02 
.80 


4.2 

. 

4.3 
1.1 


69 


. 


565 

82 

161 
38 


2,740 


Sugars, etc.: Sirup, 5,040 grams, 21 cents (92); 
sugar, granulated, 2,350 grams, 18 cents (94) 

Vegetables: Beans, string. 21,642 grams, 92 cents 
(95); cabbage, 12,560 grams, 34 cents (97); po- 
tatoes, 63,425 grams, SI. 76 (105) 


328 


25 

1 


2 

1 


762 


Fruits: Apples, dried, 4,110 grams, 80 cents (109). 


165 


Total vegetable food 


7.21 


10.1 


95 


26 


S46 


3.995 






Total food purchased. . . 


11.24 


15.8 


104 
10 


171 
10 


846 

63 


5.322 


Waste, animal and vegetable (120) 


381 










Total food eaten 


11.24 


15.8 


94 


161 


783 


4.941 







[Bull. 221] 



129 



DIETARY STUDY No. 673. 

The study began November 10, 1902, and continued fourteen days. 
The ages and weights of the several members of the family, and the 
number of meals taken, were as follows: 

Man, age 52 years, weight 136 pounds^ . Meals - 

Man, age 20 years, weight 140 pounds/ 

Woman, age 50 years, weight 130 pounds; girl, age 15 years, weight 

110 pounds (81 meals X 0. 8 meal of man), equivalent to 64. 8 

Girl, age 10 years, weight 90 pounds (40 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 24. 

Boy, age 8 years, weight 80 pounds (40 meals X 0.5 meal of man), 

equivalent to. .' 20. 

Total number of meals equivalent to 190. 8. 

Equivalent to 1 man for 64 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 673. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


autrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Bacon, 6,325 grams, $1.68 (6); lard, 3,560 


Dollars. 
2.46 

.18 


Cents. 

3.8 

.3 


Grams. 
9 
2 


Grams. 

127 

1 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1,166 






17 










2.64 


4.1 


11 


128 




1,183 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 40,550 grams, $1.62 (36); flour, 


2.42 

.45 
1.90 

.78 


3.8 

.7 
3.0 
1.2 


76 


30 


635 

90 

151 

54 


3,111 
360 


Sugars, etc.: Sirup, 5,620 grams, 25 cents (92); 

sugar, granulated, 1,860 grams, 20 cents (94) 

Vegetables: Potatoes, 65,545 grams, $1.90 (105).. 
Fruits: Apples, dried, 5,230 grams, 78 cents (109) . 


18 
1 


1 
2 


685 
238 




5.55 


8.7 


95 


33 


930 


4,394 






8.19 


12.8 


106 
10 


161 
13 


930 

77 


5,577 
464 












Total food eaten 


8.19 


12.8 


96 


148 


853 


5,113 







DIETARY STUDY No. 674. 

. The study began No.vember 12, 1902, and continued fourteen days. 
The ages and weights of the members of the family, and the number 
of meals taken, were as follows: 

Meals . 
Man, age 54 years, weight 152 pounds! 

Man, age 18 years, weight 145 pounds/ 

Woman, age 50 years, weight 148 pounds; woman, age 20 years, 

weight 132 pounds (82 meals X 0. 8 meal of man), equivalent to. . 65. 6 
Boy, age 11 years, weight 88 pounds (40 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 24. 

Girl, age 8 years, weight 75 pounds; girl, age 6 years, weight 70 

pounds (82 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 41. 

Total number of meals equivalent to 211. 6 

Equivalent to 1 man for 71 days. 
9180— Bull. 221—09 9 



130 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 67 A. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost 


nutrients, and fuel value of f 
man per day. 


x>d per 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost, 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Bacon, 7,108 grams, $1.88 (7); lard, 3,012 
grams, 79 cents (83) 


Dollars. 

2.67 

.18 

.07 


Cents. 

3.8 

.2 

.1 


Grams. 
9 
1 
2 


Grams. 

124 

1 

2 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1 139 


Egss , 542 grams , 18 cents (84) 




13 




2 


34 








2.92 


4.1 


12 


127 


2 


1 186 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 39,520 grams, $1.48 (37); 
flour, wheat, 38,650 grams, $2.13 (50). . 


3.61 
.46 

2.19 
.81 


5.1 

.6 

3.1 
1.2 


106 


29 


827 
82 

163 
50 


3,990 
328 


Sugars, etc.: Sirup, 5,810 grams, 26 cents (92); 
sugar, granulated, 1,785 grams, 20 cents (94).. 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 1,062 grams, 3 cents (97); 

potatoes, white, 54,6S0 grams, $1.59 (105); 

potatoes, sweet, 14,590 grams, 44 cents (104); 

turnip salad greens, 4,125 grams, 13 cents (70) . 
Fruits: Apples, dried, 5,410 grams, 81 cents 

(109) 


19 

1 


2 
2 


746 
222 








7.07 


10.0 


126 


33 


1,122 


5 286 








9.99 


14.1 


138 
11 


160 
15 


1,124 

81 


6 472 




502 












9.99 


14.1 


127 


145 


1,043 


5 970 







DIETARY STUDY No. 675. 

The study began November 18, 1902 ; and continued fourteen days. 
The ages and weights of the members of the family, and the number 
of meals taken, were as follows : 

Meals. 

Man, age 40 years, weight 141 pounds 42. 

Woman, age 37 years, weight 116 pounds (42 meals X 0.8 meal of 

man), equivalent to 33. 6 

Boy, age 8 years, weight 65 pounds; girl, age 6 years, weight 50 

pounds (84 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 42. 

Girl, age 4 years, weight 32 pounds (42 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 16.8 

Total number of meals equivalent to 134. 4 

Equivalent to 1 man for 45 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 675. 



Food consumed during entire study (14 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Bacon, 4,615 grams, $1.23 (8); lard, 2,510 


Dollars. 
1.78 

.15 
.04 


Cents. 

4.0 

.6 

.3 

1 


Grams. 
10 


Grams. 
130 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1.197 


Game: Quail, 635 grams, 28 cents (18) 


2 1 


17 


Eggs, 455 grams, 15 cents (84) 


13 


Milk, 2,090 grams, 4 cents (87) 


34 






Total animal food 


2.25 


5.0 


15 134 


2 


1.261 











[Bull. 221] 



131 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 675 — Continued. 



Food consumed during the entire study (14 days). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat, 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 30.280 grams, $1.21 (38); 
flour, wheat, 18,405 grams, SI. 01 (51) 


Dollars. 
2.22 

.18 

1.57 
.45 


Cents. 
4.9 

.4 

3.5 
1.0 


Grams. 
101 


Grams. 
31 


Grams. 
812 

36 

185 
44 


Calories. 
3,928 


Sugars, etc.: Sugar, granulated, 1,610 grams, 18 
cents (94). 


144 


Vegetables: Potatoes, white, 40,520 grams, SI. 18 
(105); potatoes, sweet, 10,125 grams, 31 cents 
(104); turnip salad greens, 2,500 grams, 8 


22 

1 


3 

1 


854 


Fruits: Apples, dried, 2,985 grams, 45 cents (109) 


189 




4.42 


9.8 


124 


35 


1,077 


5,115 








6.67 


14.8 


139 
12 


169 
11 


1,079 
85 


6,376 




486 












6.67 


14.8 


127 


158 


994 


5,890 







DIETARY STUDY No. 676. 



This study lasted seven days. The ages of the members of the 
family, and the number of meals taken, were as follows : 

Meals. 
Man, age 33 years 21. 

Woman, age 30 years (21 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to. . 16. 8 

Boy, age 10 years (21 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 12. 6 

Girl, age 8 years (21 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 10. 5 

Girl, age 5 years (21 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 8. 4 

Total number of meals equivalent to 69. 3 

Equivalent to 1 man for 23 days. 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 


676. 




Food consumed during entire study (7 days). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kind and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Protein. Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Bacon, 2,065 grams, 55 cents (9); lard, 
982 grams, 22 cents (83) 


Dollars. 

0.77 

.45 

.43 

.23 


Cents. 
3.3 
2.0 
1.9 
1.0 


Grams. 
8 


Grams. 

109 

36 

3 

1 


Grams. 


Calories. 

1,002 

320 


Butter, 1,015 grams, 45 cents (23). . . 




Milk, 2,160 grams, 43 cents (26) 


3 
3 


4 
5 


55 


Buttermilk, 2,325 grams, 23 cents (30) 


41 






Total animal food . 


1.88 


8.2 


14 


149 


9 


1,418 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 9,678 grams, 39 cents (39); 

flour, wheat, 6,125 grams, 34 cents (52) 

Sugars, etc.: Sirup, 4,138 grams, 18 cents (56); 

sugar, granulated, 585 grams, 6 cents (94) 


.73 
.24 

.73 
.28 


3.2 
1.0 

3.2 
1.2 


62 


21 


513 
168 

177 
65 


2,487 
672 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 8,565 grams, 19 cents 
(63); eowpeas, 2,586 grams, 15 cents (65); po- 
tatoes, 13,561 grams, 39 cents (68) 


40 
2 


2 
2 


886 


Fruits: Apples, dried, 1,872 grams, 28 cents (73). 


285 


Total vegetable food 


1.98 


8.6 


104 


25 


923 


4,330 






Total food purchased 


3.86 


16.8 


118 
11 


174 
17 


932 
103 


5,748 
607 


Waste, animal and vegetable (125) 










Total food eaten 


3.86 


16.8 


107 


157 


829 


5,141 







[Bull. 221] 



132 



DIETARY STUDY No. 677. 

This study was continued seven days. The ages of the members 
of the family, and the number of meals taken, were as follows : 

Meals. 
Man, age 36 years 21. 

Woman, age 32 years (21 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to. . 16. 8 

Boy, age 15 years (21 meals X 0.9 meal of man), equivalent to 18. 9 

Boy, age 14 years (21 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 16. 8 

Girl, age 12 years (21 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 12. 6 

Girl, age 10 years (21 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 12. 6 



Total number of meals equivalent to 

Equivalent to 1 man for 33 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 677. 



98.7 



Food consumed during entire study (7 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates' 


Full 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Bacon, 2,345 grams, 61 cents (10); lard, 
1,121 grams, 24 cents (83) 


Dollars. 
0.85 

.88 
.49 
.25 


Cents. 
2.6 
2.7 

" 1.5 
•7 


Grams. 

7 
1 
2 

1 


Gr-ams. 

86 

51 

3 


Grams. 


Calories. 
793 


Butter, 2,024 grams, 88 cents (24) 




458 


Milk, 2,465 grams, 49 cents (27) 


3 
3 


47 


Buttermilk, 2,562 grams, 25 cents (31) 


16 






Total animal food 


2.47 


7.5 


- 11 


140 


6 


1,314 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 20,686 grams, 83 cents (40); 

flour, wheat, 3,525 grams, 19 cents (52) 

Sugar, etc.: Sirup, 4,635 grams, 21 cents (57); 

sugar, granulated, 821 grams, 8 cents (94) 

Vegetables: Cabbage, 10,413 grams, 23 cents 

(63); cowpeas, 2,049 grams, 88 cents (65); ' 

potatoes, 10,652 grams, 31 cents (68); turnips, 

1,220 grams, 3 cents (69) . . . 


1.02 
.29 

1.45 
.47 


3.1 
.9 

4.4 
1.4 


62 


30 


534 
138 

104 
76 


2,651 
552 


24 

2 


1 
2 


521 


Fruits: Apples, dried, 3,128 grams, 47 cents 
(75) .-. 


330 








3.23 


9.8 


88 


33 


852 


4,054 








5.70 


17.3 


99 
14 


173 
20 


858 
120 


5.368 




714 










Total food eaten 


5.70 


17.3 


85 


153 


738 


4. 654 







DIETARY STUDY No. 678. 

This study lasted seven days. The ages of the members of the 
family, and the number of meals taken, were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 29 years 21.0 

Woman, age 28 years (20 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to. . 16. 

Boy, age 9 years (19 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 9. 5 

Boy, age 7 years (21 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 10. 5 

Girl, age 5 years (21 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to S. 4 

Total number of meals equivalent to 65. 4 

Equivalent to 1 man for 22 days. 
[Bull, 221] 



133 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 678. 



Food consumed during entire study (7 days). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Bacon, 3,121 grams, 83 cents (11) 

Milk, 3,206 grams, 6 cents (28) 


Dollars. 

0.83 

.06 


Cents. 

3.8 

.3 


Grams. 
12 
5 


Grams. 

104 

5 


Grams. 
..... 


Calories. 

974 

92 








.89 


4.1 


17 


109 


7 


1,066 




VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 12,020 grams, 51 cents (41) . . 
Sugars, etc.: Sirup, 1,068 grams, 5 cents (58) . . . 
Vegetables: Cowpeas, 2,148 grams, 9 cents (65); 


.51 
.05 

.13 
.11 


2.3 
.2 

.6 
.5 


44 


25 


419 
37 

69 
28 


2,074 
148 


23 
1 


1 
1 


377 


Fruits: Apples, dried, 763 grams, 11 cents (74) . . 


125 




.80 


3.6 


68 


27 


553 


2,724 








1. 69 


7.7 


85 
14 


136 
19 


560 
146 


3,790 




809 












1.69 


7.7 


71 


117 


414 


2,981 









DIETARY STUDY No. 679. 



This study lasted seven days. The ages of the members of the 
family, and the number of meals taken, were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 46 years 20. 

Woman, age 40 years (20 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to. . 16. 

Girl, age 19 years (21 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 16. 

Boy, age 18 years (19 meals) 19. 

Boy, age 17 years (20 meals) 20. 

Girl, age 15 years (21 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 16. 8 

Boy, age 8 years (21 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 10. 5 



Total number of meals equivalent to 118. 3 

Equivalent to 1 man for 39 days. 

Weight and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 679. 



Food consumed during entire study (7 days). 


Cost 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Bacon, 2,120 grams, 56 cents (12) 


Dollars. 
0.56 


Cents. 
1.4 


Grams. 
4 


Grams. 
40 


Grams. 


Calories. 
372 




.56 


1.4 


4 


40 




372 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 21,654 grams, 87 cents (42). 
Sugars, etc.: Sirup, 1,120 grams, 5 cents (59). . . 
Vegetables: Onions, 1,582 grams, 4 cents (66) . . 
Fruits: Apples,dried, 1 ,115 grams, 17 cents (75). 


.87 
.05 
.04 
.17 


2.2 
.1 
.1 
.5 


43 


24 


403 

23 

4 

23 


1,998 
92 


1 

1 


..... 


20 
105 


Total vegetable food 


1.13 


2.9 


45 


25 


453 


2,215 






Total food purchased 


1.69 


4.3 


49 
5. 


65 

8 


453 

72 


2,587 
378 


Waste, animal and vegetable (128) 










Total food eaten 


1.69 


4.3 


44 


57 


381 


2,207 





[Bull. 221] 



134 

DIETARY STUDY No. 680. 

This study was continued seven days. The ages of the members 
of the family, and the number of meals taken, were as follows: 

Meals. 

Man, age 34 years 21. 

Woman, age 30 years (19 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to. . 15. 2 

Boy, age 9 years (21 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 10. 5 

Boy, age 7 years (21 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 10. 5 

Girl, age 5 years (21 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 8. 4 

Girl, age 4 years (21 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 8. 4 

Girl, age 2 years (21 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 8. 4 

Total number of meals equivalent to 82. 4 

Equivalent to 1 man for 27 days. 

Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 680. 



Food consumed during entire study (7 days). 


Cost, 


nutrients, and fuel value of food per 
man per day. 


Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carhohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Bacon, 1,820 grams, 48 cents (13) 


Dollars. 
0.48 


Cents. 
1.8 


Grams. 
4 


Grams. 
49 


Grams. 


Calories. 
452 










.48 


1.8 


4 


49 : 


452 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 17,815 grams, 71 cents (42) . . 
Sugars, etc.: Sirup, 2,598 grams, 12 cents (60). . 
Vegetables: Cowpeas, 1,862 grams, 9cents (65); 


.71 
.12 

.11 


2.6 
.5 

.4 
.4 


51 


28 


478 
76 

44 
22 


2,365 
304 


16 
1 


1 
1 


249 


Fruits: Apples, dried, 736 grams, 11 cents (75). 


.11 


101 



Total vegetable food . 



1.05 



3.9 



63 



30 



Total food purchased 

Waste, animal and vegetable (129) . 

Total food eaten 



1.53 



620 



620 
139 



^_81 



3.019 



,471 
703 



2,768 



DIETARY STUDY No. 681. 



This study was continued seven days. The ages of the members 
of the family, and the number of meals taken, were as follows: 



Meals. 

Man, age 33 years 21.0 

Woman, age 29 years (21 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to. . 16. 8 

Girl, age 8 years (21 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 10. 5 

Boy, age 7 years (21 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 10. 5 

Girl, age 6 years (21 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 10. 5 

Boy, age 4 years (21 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 8. 4 



Total number of meals equivalent to . 
Equivalent to 1 man for 26 days. 
[Bull. 221] 



135 



Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 681. 



Food consumed during entire study (7 days). 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food 
per man per day. 



Kinds and amounts. 


Cost. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 


Dollars. 
0.45 


Cents. 
1.7 


Grams. 
6 


Grams. 
49 


Grams. 


Calorics. 
460 










.45 


1.7 i 6 


49 




460 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 19,120, 76 cents (42) 

Sugars, etc.: Sirup. 1.562 grams, 8 cents (61) 

Vegetables, etc.: Cowpeas, 2,01.5 grams, 9 cents 


.76 
.08 

.11 

.13 


2.9 
.3 


57 


32 


533 
49 

50 
25 


2,645 

196 


.4 


IS 


1 
1 


281 


Fruits: Apples, dried, 822 grams, 13 cents (75) . .. 


.5 1 


113 



Total vegetable food. 



4.1 



Total food purchased 

Waste, animal and vegetable (130). 

Total food eaten 



82 



1.53 



68 



66 



657 



499 



3.235 



657 3.695 

158 , 839 



2,856 



SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. 

The statistical results of these eleven studies are summarized in 
the following table : 

Summary of results of eleven dietary studies with Georgia mountaineers (per man per day 

basis) A T os. 671-681. 



Dietary study. 



Cost. 



Protein. Fats. 



Carbohy- Fuel 
drates. : value. 



Cents. 

No. 671. mountaineer's family | 13. 7 

No. 672, mountaineer's family 15. 8 

No. 673. mountaineer's family 12. 8 

No. 6/ 4, mountaineer's family 14. 1 

No. 675. mountaineer's family 14.8 

No. 676, mountaineer's family 16. 8 

No. 677, mountaineer's family I 17. 3 

No. 678, mountaineer's family I 7.7 

No. 679, mountaineer's family 4. 3 

No. 680, mountaineer's family 5.7 

No. 681, mountaineer's family 5. 8 

Average 12. 



Grams. 


Grams. 


89 


130 


94 


161 


96 


148 


127 


145 


127 


158 


107 


157 


85 


153 


71 


117 


44 


57 


62 


67 


68 


66 


86 


124 



Grams. 
694 
783 
853 
1.043 
994 
829 
738 
414 
381 
481 



Calories 
4.2* 
4 
5 
5 
5 
5 



941 
L13 

'.'70 

V.lll 

141 
4,654 
2,981 
2,207 
2,768 
2.856 



,243 



A glance at these figures shows that the diets represented vary 
widely in cost and in the amount of nutrients and energy supplied. 
The first seven give noticeably higher results in all respects than 
the last four. Unfortunately the data reported are not sufficient to 
explain these individual variations. Some of the families in the 
first group were in better circumstances than those in the last, which 
fact may in a measure account for the differences. From the little 
information available, it seems probable that their muscular activity 
was in all cases much the same as that of farmers' families elsewhere; 

[Bull. 221] 



136 

the men probably worked fairly hard and the women sometimes 
helped in the farm work. 

The cost ranged from 17.3 cents to 4.3 cents per man per day, with 
an average of 12 cents. This is considerably higher than among the 
similar mountaineer families studied in Tennessee, where the cost was 
found to average only 7.4 cents per man per day. The higher cost 
of the Georgia studies is due in large measure to the freer use of 
vegetables and fruit, and since, as has been already explained, these 
were home grown, but quoted in the tables as if bought at market 
prices, the higher cost may be more apparent than real. Whereas 
in some of the Tennessee studies no vegetables were used, at least 
one kind appears in each of the present series, and cabbage, string 
beans, beets, onions, cowpeas, etc., were all in common- use. Fruit 
was also fairly common in the Georgia dietaries. While these articles 
may not add much protein and energy in proportion to their cost, 
they must increase the palatabilit} r of these very simple diets. Except 
for the use of vegetables, these diets contained much the same mate- 
rials as those studied in Tennessee. No fish or beef was used, and 
butter in only two instances. As far as may be judged from the list 
of foods, no dessert of any kind wsls made in any of the families. The 
cooking and serving were undoubtedly of the simplest. Lack of 
money and the difficulty of securing other materials in these remote 
regions would be sufficient explanation for the few kinds of food used. 
Probably also ignorance of better conditions and long habit render 
the diets less irksome than they' would seem to one accustomed to 
the usual varied diet. 

The protein supplied in the Georgia studies ranged from 44 to 127 
grams per man per day, with an average of 86 grams. This is 2 
grams more than the average of the Tennessee studies, and consid- 
erably below the standard requirement for man at moderately active 
work. As was found to be the case in the Tennessee studies, the 
fuel value was relatively much higher thanJshe protein content, rang- 
ing from 2,207 to 5,970 calories, with an average of 4,243 calories. 

In a few studies in which the fuel value was exceptionally low 
the energy supplied may not have been entirely sufficient, but in 
general it may be considered to have met the needs of the subjects. 
Regarding the adequacy of the protein supplied, the same questions 
arise as in the Tennessee studies. These people evidently attained 
fair physical development and satisfied the demands of their appe- 
tites on a protein ration considerably below the standard. Xo exact 
data are available regarding the physical and sociological conditions 
of these Georgia families, but am^one familiar with the class of which 
they are typical will admit that they age rapidly, seem to have com- 
paratively little power to resist disease, such as tuberculosis, and are 
neither very ambitious nor progressive. 

[Bull. 221] 



DISCUSSION OF AMERICAN RURAL DIETARIES. 

By Charles E. Wait, Ph. D., F. C. S., 
Professor of Chemistry, University of Tennessee. 

So much interest is now being felt in all the conditions of life in 
rural regions that it. may not be out of place to use the three sets of 
studies here reported as a starting point for a brief discussion of 
the general dietary conditions of the rural population of the United 
States. Including those here first reported, 140 studies of rural 
families have been made in various parts of the country by indi- 
vidual experiment stations or under the auspices of the Office of 
Experiment Stations. Unfortunately, they do not represent all sec- 
tions, but they are sufficient for some general deductions and com- 
parisons. The average results of the various groups are given in the 
table following, along with those for studies among other groups of 
people, and the standard for moderate muscular work. 

Average results of dietary studies in American families . 
[Quantities per man per day.] 



Character and location of families. 


Number 
of studies 
in aver- 
age. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fuel 

value. 


FARMERS. 

Connecticut 


10 
4 
3 


Cents. 

23~6~ 

9.0 


Grams. 
105 
104 
83 


Calories. 
3,474 




3,462 


Vermont and New York 


3,508 








17 




97 


3,481 






44 

19 


9.3 

7.4 


85 
82 


3,668 
3,731 








63 

11 


8.8 
12.0 


84 
86 


3,674 




4,243 








74 


84 


3,759 






Georgia, negro family 


1 

20 

19 

3 

1 


15.4 
8.0 

11.0 
6.3 

20.0 


56 
62 

109 
93 

144 


4,105 




3,167 
3,627 
3,640 
4,100 














93 


3,730 




1 




POOR IN LARGE CITIES. 


15 
25 
55 


"~9.~6~ 
20.9 


69 
84 
119 


2,275 




2,653 


Families in varying circumstances, congested districts 


3,489 


PERSONS IN COMFORTABLE CIRCUMSTANCES. 

Men at hard muscular -work: 

Artisans, laborers, etc 


24 
19 

162 

51 
49 




177 
198 

100 

106 
86 
100 


6,485 
4,980 


Men at moderate muscular work: Farmers, artisans, laborers, 
etc 




3,685 


Men not employed at muscular occupations: Business men, 




3,560 






2,820 






3,500 




I 





[Bull. 221] 



(137) 



138 

Besides the Vermont studies here iirst reported, studies were 
reported by W. O. Atwater and his associates as part of the work 
of the Connecticut (Storrs) Experiment Station, some years earlier, 
one among farmers' families in Connecticut, and the others on farms 
in Vermont and northeastern New York. The families among whom 
the earlier studies were made corresponded in general circumstances 
to those described in the first section of this bulletin, so that they 
may all be taken together as typical of the diet of moderately well- 
to-do farmers in the Northeastern States. Accordingly, it appears 
that the diet of such families agrees surprisingly closely with the 
accepted standard for persons at moderate muscular work, both in 
the amount of protein supplied and in fuel value. Although there is 
no statistical proof at hand, it is the general impression that farmers' 
families in similar circumstances throughout the North, South, and 
West are equally well nourished. If there are faults in the diet they 
are due, as is the case in families in similar circumstances in cities 
and towns, rather to the wrong choice of foods and poor methods of 
preparation than to insufficient quantities. It is unfortunate that 
there have been found on record no available dietary studies of 
farmers' families in comfortable circumstances in other regions of 
the United States which can be compared with those made in New 
England and New York. In all regions of the United States the 
number of such families is large and perhaps the most numerous 
group of the rural population. Such studies are needed before 
general deductions can be drawn. 

In the dietaries of families of farmers in comfortable circumstances 
in the Northeastern States there was a considerable variety of food 
materials used. Some, notably Nos. 602 and 603, were excellent 
illustrations of the fact that with intelligence and care a varied and 
yet moderate-priced diet may be obtained as well on the farm as any- 
where else. Although the city housewife may have the advantage 
in the matter of fancy groceries and fruit, baker's and confectioner's 
goods, and the like, her sister on the farm can frequently obtain such 
staples as poultry, eggs, dairy products, vegetables, and native fruits 
in better condition and for less outlay, and it is upon these rather 
than upon the more fancy articles that the attractiveness of a whole- 
some home table depends. 

While the number of farms in which the cooking and serving are as 
good as in corresponding town or city homes is large, in very many others 
these features of the diet are not as well provided for as the means of 
the. family would permit. This difference is undoubtedly due, at 
least in part, to the greater number of kitchen and household con- 
veniences in the city homes. The rural population is, however, coni- 



[Bull 



a Conn. (Storrs) Sta. Rpts. 1895, p. 114; 1896, p. 117; 1897, p. 130. 

221] 



139 

ing more and more to recognize the importance of running water, 
ice supplies, good drainage, and other conveniences, not only in sav- 
ing labor for the housekeepers, but in raising the standard of home 
life. To have meals well cooked and appetizing is perhaps as impor- 
tant as to have them adequate. It is an attested physiological fact 
that a pleasing variety in diet actually stimulates digestion and that 
the amount of nutrients in the food eaten which can be made avail- 
able to the body for nourishment by the digestive organs depends in 
considerable measure on the way in which it is cooked. 

There is another equally important consideration: Xo one thing 
tends more to increase the pleasure and grace of family intercourse 
than well-prepared meals, carefully served and decorously eaten. 
Such meals depend more on the intelligence and care of the home- 
makers than they do on expensive materials. These and other related 
points are being more and more impressed upon the people in the 
towns and on the farms by the courses offered in domestic science and 
arts in agricultural colleges and other schools, by the various educa- 
tional extension movements of towns and States, by the Department 
of Agriculture, and by other agencies of the kind throughout the 
country. It seems not unreasonable to hope that before many years 
the dietary and other conditions of home life will be as well devel- 
oped in homes where such changes are needed. 

There are, unfortunately, certain groups of people of this country 
who seem out of the track of general progress and among whom the 
standards of living have for years remained low. Prominent among 
these are two groups in the Southeastern States, the white mountain- 
eers and the negroes, in such regions as the so-called "black belt.'' 
Thanks to the cooperation of officers of the Hampton Xormal and 
Agricultural Institute, the Tuskegee Xormal and Industrial Institute, 
and the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama, the Office 
has been able to carry out dietary studies (summarized in the table 
on page 137) which throw light on the food habits of groups of typical 
negroes in agricultural districts of Virginia and Alabama. As was 
found in the studies among white mountaineers reported in the pres- 
ent bulletin, the general conditions of life among these negroes are of 
the simplest, except where the influence of such institutions as those 
mentioned above is raising the standard — a most excellent and con- 
stantly increasing influence. In many cases they cultivate small 
farms in a primitive and unprofitable fashion, live in poorly built 
cabins, and in general exist in a rather " hand-to-mouth'' way. Most 
of the cooking is done on the hearth, and the food materials most 
commonly used are the same as those noted among the mountaineers. 

Another smaller but quite distinctive class are the small Mexican 

a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bub. 38 and 71. 
[Bull. 221] 



140 

fanners who, although living in New Mexico and elsewhere in the 
Southwestern United States, retain the characteristic habits of old 
Spanish Mexico. The dietary studies summarized in the table on page 
137 were made among them some years ago,° and it was found that 
they obtained a fairly well-balanced ration at remarkably low cost. 
One of the striking features of the dietaries was the abundant use of 
the native beans, called " frijoles," which are an unusually cheap source 
of pro tern. This is parallel with the use of other legumes among 
certain Asiatic nations, notably the Japanese, who are commonly 
supposed to obtain little protein because they eat little meat, but 
who really in many cases obtain largely from soy-bean products and 
other vegetable foods and from fish as much protein per kilogram of, 
body weight as Europeans. 

These New Mexican dietaries are the lowest priced of those included 
in the nutrition investigations of the Office of Experiment Stations. 
They cost only 6.3 cents a day and furnished 93 grams of protein and 
3,640 calories of energy. Their fuel value is slightly lower than that 
of either group of the Tennessee studies. Next to them in point of 
economy come the nineteen studies made in remote districts of Ten- 
nessee, which furnished 12 grams less protein and 271 calories more 
energy at 0.4 cent more. Third in point of cheapness are the Alabama 
negro dietaries. These are very similar to the Tennessee dietaries in 
general character, as has been pointed out, both consisting largely 
of the u hog and hominy," characteristic of the diet of poor whites 
and negroes alike in the Southeastern States. 

The proportion of pork to cereals is larger in the Alabama studies 
than in those in Tennessee, and consequently there is less protein (62 
grams) in proportion to the fuel value (3,167 calories). The cost 
is about midway between that of the remote and that of the village 
studies in Tennessee. Considering the smaller amounts and poorer 
proportion of protein and energy, however, the Alabama dietaries are 
inferior in real economy. In the studies among negroes in eastern 
Virginia, 11 cents purchased 109 grams of protein and 3,627 calories 
of energy. When it is remembered that in the higher priced Tennes- 
see studies an average expenditure of 11.2 cents furnished only 98 
grams of protein, it appears that the Virginia negroes obtained their 
protein more cheaply than their white neighbors in Tennessee. This 
difference is due to the fact that the Virginia studies were made in a 
district near the seashore where a cheap and abundant supply of fish 
furnished nearly half of the total protein. The Alabama dietaries 
are probably more typical of the poorer negroes throughout the South. 

The Georgia negro dietary here first reported (No. 670) probably 
represents a. family in rather better circumstances than the average 

aU.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Buls. 40 and 54. 

[Bull. 221] 



141 

of those just discussed. Its comparatively high cost and low protein 
place it outside of the economical and well-balanced studies of this 
type. 

The Georgia mountaineer dietaries, although similar to those in 
Tennessee in general character, are more expensive, but at the same 
time slightly more varied and nutritious. Probably the differences 
between the dietaries in the two States would appear less were it 
possible to reduce both to the same scale of market prices and to 
include a larger number of Georgia studies in the average. 

As was implied in an earlier section, these mountaineer families 
stand financially in much the same relation to the bulk of the rural 
population as do the poor in the crowded sections of the cities to the 
city dwellers at large. It may therefore be interesting to compare 
their dietaries with those of families in congested quarters of Xew 
York, Chicago, and elsewhere. The 15 families described as desti- 
tute in the table on page 137 were living below what is known as the 
"poverty line," and would undoubtedly have eaten more could they 
have afforded it. They paid almost twice as much for their food as 
the Tennessee mountaineers, but obtained only four-fifths the amount 
of protein and two-thirds the fuel value. Although they probably 
obtained a greater variety, it must be conceded that in such cases 
quantity and wholesomeness are more important than variety. The 
25 families in Xew York City and elsewhere represent poverty of a 
less acute kind. * Here the cost averaged 9 cents, the protein 84 grams, 
and the energy 2,653 calories. The other 55 Xew York studies were 
made among families with means above the "poverty line." They 
paid 2h to 3 times as much for their food as the Tennessee mountain- 
eers, but obtained an ample supply of nutrients and energy with con- 
siderable variety of materials. Except in extreme cases, the city 
poor, judged by the data quoted, appear to be better nourished than 
the mountaineers and pay more for their food. 

The remaining dietaries quoted in the table represent families of 
different kinds in moderately comfortable circumstances in various 
cities and towns of the United States. In all these dietaries the 
energy is above the standard for moderately active work and in many 
cases probably in excess of the needs of the families. These dietaries 
do not furnish nutrients as cheaply as those from Tennessee, Georgia, 
and Xew Mexico, where the foods were mostly home grown and the 
variety very limited, but they are much more varied and appetizing, 
and probably well within the means of the families using them. 

In general, it may be said that the mountaineer studies represent 
dietaries about midway in economy and nutritive value between the 
Xew Mexican ones and those of the Alabama negroes. Compared with 

" I". S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Buls. 46 and 55. 
[Bull. 221] 



142 

the dietaries of city families in corresponding financial conditions, 
they cost much less and furnish about the same amounts of energy, 
but are low in protein and also lacking in variety. Data are not 
available for discussing at length the quality of cooking of these moun- 
taineer families as compared for instance with that of the city poor 
whom they resemble in some other ways, as pointed out above, but it 
was certainly the opinion of those making the studies that in few of 
the families was the food well cooked or the diet even reasonably 
attractive to a person with the usual standards of living. Compared 
with the dietaries of families in fairly comfortable circumstances 
throughout the country, the same advantages and disadvantages 
appear — low cost, sufficient energy, but a striking deficiency of pro- 
tein, and a lack of variety in the materials used. Could these- fami- 
lies be made to realize the importance and comfort of such improve- 
ments and conveniences in living as are already found or are coming 
to be appreciated in many other sections of the country, their dietary 
habits could undoubtedly be improved at very little increase of cost, 
and hand in hand with such a change would go an equally important 
improvement, not only in their physical but also in their social and 
other conditions. * One of the most useful functions of dietary studies, 
such as those here reported, is, by pointing out existing errors, to 
pave the way for improvement. 

[Or. 221] 




012 822 332 



